https://www.trijournal.ir/ Journal of Transportation Research en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.trijournal.ir/article_235128.html The influence of salt and salinity on polymer resin performance in quicksand stabilization is a critical area of research in geotechnical engineering, particularly for pavement applications. Quicksand, characterized by its particle size distribution between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm and its susceptibility to liquefaction, presents significant stabilization challenges. This study, using unconfined compressive strength tests (in accordance with ASTM D2166), experimentally investigates the effects of different salt concentrations (0%, 10%, and 20%) on quicksand stabilized with varying percentages of acrylic resin (5%, 7.5%, and 10%). Results indicate that increasing salinity levels have an inverse and detrimental relationship with the mechanical properties of the stabilized samples. In a salt-free environment (0%), increasing the polymer from 5% to 10% significantly raised the compressive strength from 3.16 MPa to 6.90 MPa. Conversely, in a 20% salt environment, the compressive strength decreased considerably, reaching 2.04 MPa at a 5% polymer concentration. The elastic modulus (E50) also demonstrated a similar pattern; increasing the polymer percentage at any constant salinity level led to increased stiffness (e.g., at 0% salt, from 98.05 MPa to 236.86 MPa), but increasing the salt concentration at a constant polymer percentage caused a noticeable drop in stiffness. Failure energy also increased with more polymer in the salt-free environment (from 0.04420 to 0.09408), whereas at 20% salt concentration, the energy values decreased, reaching 0.04188 at 5% polymer. Furthermore, statistical modeling using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) confirmed high prediction accuracy with a coefficient of determination of 99% (R2 ≈ 0.99). https://www.trijournal.ir/article_228325.html Transportation, as one of the key infrastructures of urban development, plays a significant role in urban economy, politics, and society. At the same time, traffic accidents, as one of the main challenges and issues of this system, have widespread consequences in these areas. Identifying and analyzing them is a fundamental step toward reducing accidents and improving road safety. The analysis of spatial patterns of traffic accidents, as one of the major challenges in urban management and transportation planning, plays a decisive role in identifying critical hotspots and prioritizing safety measures. In this study, using advanced spatial analysis methods, the spatial distribution pattern of traffic accidents in Qazvin from 2015 to 2017 was examined. The methods used include the Average Nearest Neighbor Distance (ANND) to measure the clustering or dispersion of points, as well as global and local Moran’s I analysis to identify spatial autocorrelation and accident clustering. The results of the ANND analysis indicate that accidents in Qazvin are not randomly distributed and exhibit a strong tendency to form spatial clusters. The global Moran’s index was positive and significant during the study years, indicating the presence of spatial autocorrelation and the clustering of high-risk points. Additionally, local Moran’s analysis, by mapping clustering and significance, more precisely identified critical (HH) and safe (LL) zones. This study not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the spatial patterns of traffic accidents in Qazvin but also serves as a practical tool for urban policymakers and planners to reduce accidents and improve road safety. Identifying high-risk clusters and examining their annual changes can lead to the design of targeted solutions and the evaluation of the effectiveness of past measures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_194428.html The main goal of this research is to implement an artificial intelligence system based on deep learning to detect and determine the distance between traffic lights and the self-driving car and the proper performance of the car in yellow light conditions. To implement the model, the data set specific to the lights of Tehran city was used, and the model works in the framework of the TensorFlow library. To evaluate the performance of the model in different conditions, including the width of the intersection and the speed of the vehicle, the images of the training section were used, which enables the car to decide to cross the intersection or stop at the intersection using the four scenarios presented in this research. The analysis of the model results by checking the output of the model such as correctness, accuracy, recall, F1 score and speed of the models were evaluated with the results of past studies and showed that the results are correct and have higher accuracy than the existing models. Also, the best model presented in this research has an accuracy of 96% and an accuracy of 98%. Based on the traffic light data of Tehran city, this system is able to calculate the distance of the car to the traffic light with an error of less than one percent (0.8 percent), which shows the high accuracy of the model that can provide a proper performance in yellow light conditions. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231255.html For the design of river bridges and determining their length and height, it is necessary to determine the maximum flood discharge. The most appropriate method for determining the design discharge is the frequency analysis of data from hydrometric stations. One of the characteristics of the data used to ensure that their frequency analysis leads to reliable results is the adequacy of data.The role of statistical period length and number of data on maximum peak flood discharge with different return periods at four hydrometric stations located in the same region in the central Iranian watershed has been investigated. The effect of the length of the statistical period on the results of the discharge-area relationship, the empirical relationship, and the regional flood frequency analysis method at the Shoor watercourse bridge, which is located in the studied area and does not have a hydrometric station on the mentioned watercourse, has been evaluated. The results showed that by increasing the length of the statistical period from 25 years to 44 years, the best fitted statistical distribution on the maximum instantaneous discharges changed and in all four stations, the log-Pearson Type III (LP3) distribution had the most appropriate fit. Also, increasing the statistical length did not have much effect on the values of the maximum 100-year flood discharge at the bridge site studied using the discharge-area method, but in the Fuller empirical method, whose coefficient was calibrated based on the statistics of hydrometric stations, it showed a 9% decrease in discharge. In the regional flood frequency analysis method, which is more accurate for estimating floods in ungauged basins, the discharge values based on the 25-year and 44-year statistical periods were estimated to be 842 and 715 m3/s, respectively, which indicates an increase of approximately 18% in the design flood when using a shorter statistical period. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_228324.html The main purpose of the train control system is to prevent trains from colliding and derailing. Today, communication-based train control uses various telecommunication methods to transmit control information between trains and the train and the trackside. Although information and communication technology can play an important role in developing the railway industry, information security in this system is vulnerable to various attacks, including jamming. In this paper, the information security of communication-based train control (CBTC) systems is examined, so that an attacker attacks the communication between trains or the train and the trackside and causes the CBTC systems to fail. Next, the effects of jamming attacks on the CBTC system are investigated and to combat it, a frequency hopping spread spectrum method is used to create a secure channel for sending signals. Also, the leaky waveguide signal propagation environment is considered, because the transverse slots on the leaky waveguide walls can provide stable signals with anti-interference capabilities; therefore, given the impossibility of opening the channel signal and accessing the signal, using these methods, the jammer fails to reach the target and its effects are minimized. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_238351.html In order to reduce costs and make optimal use of natural resources, the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) has increasingly gained attention as a sustainable solution in the paving industry. This study investigates the effect of glass-polyolefin fibers (PGF) on the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures containing 50% RAP under different aging conditions (unaged, short-term aging, and long-term aging). The results of the tests indicated that in the unaged condition, high values of modulus of elasticity and fatigue life were achieved, confirming the positive impact of PGF on improving mechanical properties. Moreover, under short-term aging conditions, despite a reduction in some characteristics, PGF helped maintain the strength and stability of the mixtures. Finally, under long-term aging conditions, a significant improvement in the performance of the mixtures was observed with the optimal PGF amount. The results show that the optimal PGF amount varies for each aging condition: 0.1200 for unaged, 0.090 for short-term aging, and 0.1150 for long-term aging. This research demonstrates that PGF can serve as an effective additive for optimizing the performance of recycled asphalt mixtures under various conditions. The findings can assist engineers and researchers in designing and developing durable and sustainable asphalt mixtures for construction projects. Additionally, the use of PGF contributes to the reduction of virgin material consumption and minimizes environmental impacts, which is considered an important advantage for sustainable development in the construction industry. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231253.html In today's world, artificial intelligence has entered as an undeniable powerful factor in all human affairs. This intelligence is trained and predicted using neural network algorithms and big data. Over time, different types of neural networks have been introduced and developed for different applications, one of which is the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Due to its architecture and structure, the RNN model has an acceptable performance on time series data - data in which different features of a phenomenon are taken at fixed time steps. In transportation, there are many cases of time series data such as: the volume of traffic passing through a specific point in fixed time intervals, the number and gender, etc. of subway passengers at different times of the day and night, movement characteristics such as the position and speed and acceleration of a traffic agent such as a pedestrian at any moment on the sidewalk. The last case, which is the records and history of pedestrian movement characteristics, is the basis of this research. In this paper, we use 3 subsets of RNN, namely Vanilla LSTM, Stacked LSTM, and GRU models, to predict the Trajectory of a pedestrian. main goals of this research is to first estimate the future position of a pedestrian in order to identify and eliminate hazardous conditions in the interaction between a pedestrian and an autonomous system (such as a delivery robot) on the sidewalk, and secondly to examine the performance of these 3 models on time series data. The results showed that in the short-term prediction time horizon, the GRU model performs better than the other models. However, with increasing the prediction time horizon and increasing the complexity of the data, the Stacked LSTM model performs better than the others. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_235130.html The rail transport sector is one of the most important economic sectors in the country, and paying attention to the growth of inflation and its changes and the effect of the inflation rate in the rail transport sector under conditions of production uncertainty is of great importance in economic decision-making and planning at various macro and micro levels. In this paper, using an autoregressive model with distribution lags, the effect of inflation on the value added in the rail transport sector under conditions of uncertainty during the years 1369-1401 has been investigated. For this purpose, the EGARCH model was used to calculate production uncertainty, and the autoregressive model with distribution lags was used to estimate the main model, and the model was estimated and the results were interpreted. The results show that there is a conditional variance asymmetry in production, which means the existence of production uncertainty. Also, the results of the model estimation show that both in the short and long term, with an increase in production uncertainty, the added value of the rail transport sector decreases. The exchange rate and inflation rate have a negative effect on the added value of the rail transport sector in both the short and long term. Also, with an increase in the added value of the oil sector in both the short and long term, the added value of the rail transport sector increases. In addition, considering the error correction coefficient in the ECM model, it can be stated that the speed of adjustment towards the equilibrium and long-term value is appropriate, so that in each period about 0.989 of the imbalance error is adjusted and the short-term value tends towards its equilibrium and long-term value exponentially. Also, the diagnostic tests of the model have been examined. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_218756.html Nowadays, due to the increasing trend of population and the development of cities, followed by the increase in the supply and demand of services, transportation and related issues have become very important. Therefore, in this study, the problem of multi-depot feeder vehicle routing is investigated in the case where several trucks cooperate with several motorcycles. The multi-depot feeder vehicle routing problem consists of multiple depot with a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles including trucks and motorcycles, which motorcycles can move in crowded and high-traffic areas. In addition to the fact that the feeder approach reduces the number of times of returning to the depot and reduces the time and cost of transportation, the increase in the number of depots also causes more customers to be covered and the travel distance, cost, and time are reduced. Here, a mixed integer programming model has been developed in order to investigate the effect of increasing the number of depot in providing quick and low-cost service to customers. The results showed that the cost and time of the solution increases with the increase of the dimensions of the problem. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_234251.html The transfer of containers from one ship to another is called transshipment. All foreign shipping lines import their containerized cargoes into Iranian ports using the transshipment method. Container transshipment is one of the most sustainable and economically competitive modes of transportation. This study uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the importance of various factors affecting the use of container transshipment by container shipping companies. A hierarchical structure with three levels and 13 attributes is presented and tested. This study presents an AHP model to help decision makers assess the importance of various factors influencing the use of transshipment transport by container shipping companies. The study shows that “policies and infrastructure” and “costs” are two key factors in the adoption of transshipment transport. Furthermore, five main criteria including “consequences of entering a sanctioned country”, “consequences of entering a lawless country port”, “transshipment time”, “favorable port tariff system” and “efficient terminal operations” have the greatest impact on container companies’ decision-making. These findings indicate that cost and time are two critical factors in choosing transshipment transportation services. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_228323.html Looking at the guidelines for evaluating the quality and technical specifications of implemented operations issued by the national planning and budget organization in 2019 under the title of criterion 773 and the tables attached to it, it is clear that the asphalt sand item, despite having the highest unit price in the price index of roads and airport runways, and especially road maintenance, compared to other asphalt concrete items such as binder and topcoat, and despite having various acceptance criteria and characteristics (such as grain size, bitumen percentage, strength, fracture, percentage of void space, filler to effective bitumen ratio, and density), unfortunately lacks any control and evaluation criteria. Given the need to increase the quality level of roads, improve safety performance, and ensure maximum government benefits in comparison with the limited budget allocation for construction projects, the need to define and predict control criteria and payment coefficients in this area is inevitable. Therefore, in this regard, an attempt has been made to compensate for this lack of a circular in the current research, while citing the criteria contained in the regulations and publications governing the country's technical and administrative system and adapting it to the theoretical policy and calculation method of the tables of publication 773, and to obtain as many grounds and prerequisites as possible to increase the efficiency and effectiveness in improvements and improve the lifespan of repairs of damages and the relative welfare of the consumer community from the country's roads. It should be noted that the proposal to design and present the payment coefficient and control penalties for asphalt sand, taking into account its sensitivity and importance on the one hand and the absence of such a criterion country so far, is presented for the first time at the level of the technical and administrative system. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_236104.html Traffic accidents caused by motor vehicles colliding with wildlife are a global phenomenon. These accidents often involve different animal species, including reindeer, deer, kangaroos, and camels. Compared to other types of animal collisions with vehicles, camel accidents are particularly dangerous due to the heavy weight, high center of gravity, and the size and height of the camel. Safeguarding traffic from the dangers of collisions with camels encompasses a wide range of solutions, including road safety, animal detection, warning drivers, and so on. This study has attempted to prioritize various safety solutions to provide safe sections for camels to cross the road based on the behavioral characteristics of this animal. This study, while examining and introducing these measures in different areas, analyzes the most appropriate ones in relation to the country's conditions in terms of geography, natural resources, environment, livestock facilities, and road and traffic characteristics, using research methods. Therefore, in the analytical process of this research, road safety options and the target user (camel animal) are analyzed based on the criteria and indicators defined by inferential research methods based on the MDMA multi-criteria analysis method of fuzzy TOPSIS. From the results of this research, it is estimated that among the road and non-road solutions presented, the option of using traffic control equipment, using traffic lights to control camel crossing, and lighting camel collision points are the proposed priorities for making suburban routes safe based on four types of economic, traffic, technical, and environmental criteria. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_230500.html Efficient management of urban waste collection has emerged as a critical challenge for metropolitan areas due to rapid population growth and increasing waste generation rates. The significant proportion of collection costs within total waste management expenses, combined with spatial and temporal constraints and environmental risks associated with inefficient waste collection, highlights the urgent need for innovative and effective systems. This study introduces an integrated mixed-integer nonlinear programming model designed to optimize the location of waste accumulation centers, the routing of a heterogeneous fleet—including motorized vehicles (mechanized and non-mechanized) and non-motorized workers—and resource allocation, all under limited fleet capacity and restricted time availability. The model incorporates service time windows, prioritization of street sweeping, and aims to achieve multiple objectives: minimizing operational costs, reducing delays, mitigating waste decay, enhancing service coverage, and improving lean efficiency indicators. The proposed model is solved using two optimization approaches, namely epsilon-constraint and goal programming. Numerical results demonstrate significant improvements, including a 12% reduction in operational costs, a 17% increase in waste collection efficiency, and a 35% decrease in waste decay due to collection delays. Consequently, the model provides a robust and comprehensive framework for decision-making in urban waste management systems, addressing economic, environmental, social, and lean performance goals. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_230498.html This research aims to Assessing the maturity of the rail transportation industry based on the fourth generation of industry: An indigenous model. Given the rapid evolution of digital technologies and their key role in improving efficiency, safety, and sustainability of rail systems, designing a coherent framework to measure the progress of this industry on the path of digital transformation appears essential. In this regard, using thematic analysis and in-depth interviews with 15 experts in the rail industry and Industry 4.0 technologies, the dimensions and indicators of maturity in this industry were identified and explained. These experts were selected from among senior managers of railway companies, information technology specialists, university faculty members, and industrial consultants with a minimum of 15 years of experience in related fields. The thematic analysis of the interviews through a six-stage process led to the extraction of 138 initial codes, 31 organizing themes (indicators), and 6 global themes (dimensions). The identified dimensions are: Advanced Industry 4.0 technologies in rail transport, Cybersecurity and digital risk management, Sustainability and environmental compatibility, Indigenous infrastructure and technical readiness, Knowledge management and human capital development, and Digital economy and innovative business models. This model can serve as a comprehensive framework for assessing the current situation, identifying gaps, and strategic planning for the development of the rail transport industry in the digital age. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231252.html The present study aims to provide a model for assessing the sustainability of urban public transportation in Tehran, taking into account uncertainty conditions. This study uses the Grounded Theory and Ordinal Priority Approach methods, and the data is analyzed using MAXQDA and MATLAB software. The primary statistical population included 10 managers, deputies, and experts working in the field of public transportation, and the secondary statistical population included 50 experienced university professors in the field of transportation, who were selected using a purposeful method. In the research process, 96 factors were initially identified, which, after analysis and prioritization, were categorized into 10 key factors in the form of four main categories: "Infrastructure and Sustainable Development", "Management, Policymaking, and Innovation", "Services and Quality", and "Culturalization, Security, and Social Participation”. The results of the analysis showed that "sustainable transport infrastructure" (relative weight 0.412), "management and policy-making" (relative weight 0.389), and "citizenship education and culture" (relative weight 0.361) have the greatest impact, and on the contrary, "non-motorized transport development" (relative weight 0.226), "safety and health in transport" (relative weight 0.218), and "sustainable investment attraction" (relative weight 0.203) have the least impact on the sustainability of public transport in Tehran. Also, "improving the quality of services and equipment", "improving urban facilities", "environmental sustainability" and "using technology and innovation" were prioritized in the next categories. These findings indicate that achieving a sustainable public transportation system requires a focus on effective management and policymaking, the development of efficient infrastructure, and improving the quality of services. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_238618.html Asphalt pavements constantly face challenges caused by environmental conditions and traffic loads, such as rutting at high temperatures and fatigue cracking at moderate temperatures, which reduce durability, performance, and increase maintenance costs. These distresses become more severe in hot and arid regions, significantly affecting the long-term performance of pavements. One of the innovative approaches in pavement engineering is the use of artificial lightweight aggregates such as expanded clay (LECA). Due to its low weight, porous structure, specific heat capacity, and high resistance to environmental factors, LECA has become an attractive material for improving asphalt mixture performance. Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that replacing part of conventional aggregates with LECA can significantly reduce rutting, enhance thermal and moisture resistance, improve surface friction, and decrease traffic noise. Moreover, the insulating property of LECA prevents frost penetration into the lower layers, thereby extending the pavement service life. In addition, the use of LECA helps reduce the consumption of natural resources, transportation energy, and adverse environmental impacts. However, challenges such as high bitumen absorption, increased production costs, and the need to determine the optimal replacement percentage still remain. Recent studies have suggested combining LECA with nanomaterials and polymers as an effective strategy to enhance mechanical behavior and durability. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of previous research, focusing on the benefits, limitations, and future research directions for the application of LECA in modified asphalt mixtures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237359.html The aim of this study is to provide effective solutions to reduce the number of road accidents in Markazi Province by using data mining techniques and analyzing the behavior of offending drivers. The present study is descriptive-analytical and accident data for the years 1401 to 1403 was extracted from the traffic police system. The data analysis used WAKA software and the J48 decision tree algorithm. This study is descriptive-analytical and was conducted using road accident data in Markazi Province for the period 1401 to 1403. The data was extracted from the traffic police database and analyzed using data mining software such as WAKA and SPSS. In a similar study, road accident data in northwest Tehran was analyzed using data mining software and the main factors affecting the occurrence of accidents were identified. The results of the analysis of 37,268 accidents showed that 98.4% of accidents were caused by human factors, 1% by vehicle defects, and 0.6% by road defects. Among human factors, inattention to the road ahead, failure to yield, driver fatigue and drowsiness, and exceeding the speed limit contributed the most to the occurrence of accidents. Predictive modeling with data mining algorithms showed that by reducing the occurrence of only 10% of the total causes of accidents, up to 63.6% of accidents could be reduced. Accordingly, strengthening traffic education, promoting social responsibility, and modifying drivers' behavioral attitudes are suggested as key solutions. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_234312.html Transportation is one of the important components of the national economy and, due to its infrastructural role, has a great impact on the country's economic growth process. With the outbreak of the coronavirus, the transportation sector was one of the economic sectors that was subjected to the most stringent health protocols and serious bans were imposed on the provision of services in this sector. One of the key sectors that was severely affected by this shock is the oil transportation sector. Therefore, given the importance of the issue, the purpose of this article is to analyze the transmission of economic risks of Covid-19 on oil transportation in the Iranian economy during the period from January 22, 2020 to January 04, 2023 using the MGARCH-BEEK model. The results obtained show that the shocks and fluctuations of the previous period of oil transportation have a direct and significant effect on the fluctuations of oil transportation in the current period. Also, the effect of the shocks of the previous period of economic risks of Covid-19 is direct on the fluctuations of the current period of economic risks of Covid-19. However, the shocks of the previous period of the oil transportation sector do not affect the fluctuations of economic risks of Covid-19. In addition, the results show that the shocks of the previous period of Covid-19 economic risks have a significant and direct effect on the fluctuations of the oil transportation sector, meaning that the spillover of the fluctuations of Covid-19 economic risks has occurred on the transportation sector in the Iranian economy and the shocks resulting from Covid-19 economic risks lead to uncertainty and turbulence in the oil transportation sector. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_234250.html Speed variance is widely acknowledged as a critical indicator of traffic flow stability and a major determinant of road safety, as excessive fluctuations in vehicle speed significantly elevate the likelihood and severity of crashes. This study aims to identify and model the key factors influencing speed variance on rural highways in Iran using the Random Forest algorithm—a robust machine learning method capable of capturing complex nonlinear relationships and reducing overfitting risk.A total of 200 observation points were collected from various segments of the rural road network through detailed field surveys. The dataset included traffic, infrastructural, and environmental variables that potentially affect speed dispersion. The Random Forest results revealed that the percentage of speed limit violations was the most influential predictor, showing a strong positive association with the magnitude of speed variability. Average speed exhibited a nonlinear effect, remaining relatively stable at lower levels but sharply amplifying variance at higher speeds. Moreover, a moderate share of heavy vehicles (30–40%) increased speed fluctuations, whereas higher proportions contributed to more uniform traffic flow. Among infrastructural attributes, the number of lanes had a positive impact on speed variance, reflecting the greater freedom for lane changes and maneuvering, while the presence of speed bumps significantly reduced speed dispersion. Environmentally, higher roadside population density and agricultural land use were associated with decreased variance, suggesting more cautious driving behavior in such areas.Overall, the findings highlight the necessity of integrating traffic enforcement, infrastructure design, and environmental planning into comprehensive speed management strategies. The proposed machine learning framework provides a data-driven foundation for identifying high-risk segments and informing targeted interventions to enhance rural road safety. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_239940.html Urban traffic management is a fundamental challenge for developing cities, and congestion pricing has emerged as an effective demand-management tool. Despite the expanding body of congestion pricing literature, there has been relatively little focus on identifying and analyzing the characteristics of individuals who exhibit behavioral sensitivity to this policy. This study addresses this gap by quantitatively examining citizens’ travel behavior and by distinguishing between price-sensitive and non-price-sensitive groups in the city of Kerman, a developing city. Data were collected through a mixed-design questionnaire combining revealed and stated preference methods, administered through in-person interviews with 364 citizens in May 2024. Data analysis employed a binary logit model, focusing on the fundamental question: do individuals alter their travel patterns in response to the implementation of congestion pricing. Findings indicate that respondents who undertake frequent trips to the priced area, who use motorcycles, who are over 35 years old, and who are employees or owners of multiple vehicles, show lower propensity to adjust their travel patterns. By contrast, those with higher education levels, workers, and individuals who travel to the priced zone for shopping, recreation, or administrative tasks demonstrate greater willingness to change their behavior. Additionally, based on marginal effects results, reducing travel time and improving public transport quality can increase the probability of travel pattern change by 0.46 and 4.07 percentage points, respectively. The study suggests that, under the specific context of Kerman, only a minority of citizens are sensitive to conventional pricing levels; however, identifying the characteristics of this group can provide a robust basis for designing targeted and realistic travel-demand management policies in cities with strong dependence on private motor vehicles. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_239948.html The increasing complexity of urban transportation networks, the rapid growth of e-commerce, and the rising demand for fast, low-cost, and sustainable deliveries have intensified the need for intelligent approaches in urban logistics. This study presents an innovative Deep Q-Network (DQN) reinforcement learning model that integrates big data analytics and real-time information to adaptively optimize delivery routes in highly dynamic environments. The proposed model is evaluated within a simulated urban setting consisting of 12 districts, 120 customers, 4 distribution centers, and 10 delivery vehicles. Experimental results demonstrate that the DQN-based approach significantly outperforms traditional optimization methods; specifically, delivery time is reduced by up to 35%, fuel consumption by 33%, and CO₂ emissions by 55%, while on-time delivery performance improves to 92% and customer satisfaction increases by 40%. Sensitivity analysis further confirms the robustness and reliability of the model under conditions of heavy traffic, increased demand, and incomplete data.By integrating artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and GPT-driven foresight scenario design, this research offers a scalable framework for advancing smart urban logistics. The findings provide a solid foundation for developing data-driven policies and decision-support systems in rapidly growing metropolitan areas. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_70545.html Iranian ports, especially those located at south, are primary centers of trade between Iran and the world. In recent years, these ports have played an increasingly critical role in national economy. The aim of this research is presentation a framework to investigate the drivers affecting selection of the best bulk terminal as the destination of Iranian and also determination of the importance of these factors to prioritize bulk terminals. The present study develops a multi-criteria decision-making model for identification and prioritization of factors affecting selection of a port as destination port by importers of bulk cargoes. Attitude of this research is quantitative and purpose of this research is applied and in terms of method is descriptive-survey. The methodology of present survey included two steps. First, presentation a framework for identifying and ranking the drivers of gaining the competitive advantage in bulk ports for importing bulk products. Second, drivers affecting selection of port and their rating were identified and ranking of studied ports were done. For first step, background of the research and opinion of the experts and DEMATEL method and hierarchical analysis was used for second step. Among the bulk importers 20 experts were selected using purposive sampling method to answer the questions. Considering experts’ comments and their processing through DEMATEL techniques, one could suggest that the f drivers of unloading rate, entry of port, and skilled labor force were the most significant drivers to gain competitive advantage in bulk ports. This is while customs formalities were suggested to be the least significant driver from their viewpoint. According to the results of the research, structural, context and content drivers are the appropriate framework for assessing the identification and ranking the drivers to gain competitive advantage in bulk ports for importing bulk products in Iran. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_60345.html Bridges are an important element of strategic road the damage and the damage it can cause a centerpiece of Service and disrupt traffic on it. The main purpose of bridge management systems is collecting whole data and information related to maintenance and repair activities in bridges, in the manner that, allocation of resources implements in an optimal form and the obtained benefits in bridge network take the maximum amount possible. Bridge is one of the important organs in road construction that requires special attention during the whole time of design, construction and operation. To ensure that bridges would be regularly inspected, evaluated and operated, there is a need for the management that would be satisfied with the proper maintenance and repair as well. In this study, we examined the reliability of the bridge is the maintenance and repair of bridges on the increase and decrease will affect the reliability of bridges. Using the proposed mathematical model and using Repair cost calculations and performance indicators of repairs to study on the reliability of and the possibility of connecting bridges and the cost of the network bridge Using genetic algorithms have been optimized. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_65105.html Multi-vehicle crashes are being a considerable number of accidents every year. In this paper the factors that influence injuries severity in multi-vehicle crashes have been identified by using classification and regression tree (CART) model over data derived from accidents occurred in Tehran province in 1390. For improving accuracy instead of using three-class prediction, a binary prediction was used in two models. The first model and the second model classified 89.4% and 91.7% of accidents correctly. Results indicated that vehicle type, manner of collision, cause of crash and safety belt usage are the most significant factors influencing injuries severity in multi-vehicle crashes, moreover, among different kind of vehicle types, bicycles, motor cycles and trucks have the most significant impact on occurring more severe injuries and among cause of crashes, exceeding from assurance speed, deviation toward left and distraction from front side have the most significant influence on occurring more severe injuries. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_65717.html Metropolitan areas encounter serious problems in the field of transportation, including increasing travel time, congestion in some urban areas, especially the city's central boundaries and air pollution. Transportation planning is one of the approaches that has come to the aid of city officials during these years and has reduced transportation problems in cities by designing and implementing transportation projects. Since the implementation of transportation projects in cities is generally costly, it is necessary to reduce the negative economic, social and environmental impacts through other approaches, including appropriate planning in the distribution and placement of users.. . In order to assess the effects of this planning, a model should be available that simultaneously addresses the effects of changing transport and land use systems. The purpose of this study is to propose an innovative methodology that provides population and employment placement during the process of transportation network design, which will results in improvement of sustainable transportation in major urban areas. In this model, the amount of population allocation or additional employment for each area is calculated from the social cost of addition of a person to the population or employment of the under study on yearly basis. Also, in this model, the selection of transportation projects is carried out according to budget constraints, and the indicators of sustainable development are calculated for each transport scenario. The scenario that has the least destructive effects on the transport action of the city will be chosen as the preferred scenario. The proposed method was implemented on the Sioux Falls network, for which the population and employment placement caused improvements in indicators such as air pollution, traffic congestion and transportation costs. The results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_66876.html The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its connection with free seas, have a great importance for the transit of goods. Pathology of the Present Status of Multimodal Transit and its Strategies for Success in Iran, are the main goals of this research. In this research, using grounded theory and deep interview methods, identifying the factors affecting the success of multimodal transit in Iran and it has been studied the Iranian transit systems based on the above model and how to improve it. The statistical community is composed of experts in transportation and transit of goods, traders and Merchants. So, after conducting deep and semi-structured interviews with experts in this industry and analyzing the information based on open, axial and selective coding in grounded theory approach And analysis of information, done with MAXQDA software. With this research, the causes and factors of the lack of development of iran transit in different areas were identified and classified into six categories and 32 main factors and some solutions suggested for their improvement. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_67159.html Track–bridge interaction analysis is required to determine the longitudinal stresses and displacements of a coupled system under various temperatures, trainloads, train braking and seismic loading and to guarantee the serviceability and safety of track structures. Thus, considering that part of the track resting on the subgrade is of essential importance. In previous studies, researchers used many springs with suitable length of rail (at least equal to the length of the bridge on each side) for modelling of track on the subgrade outside the bridge. This paper using a new approach provides one spring with equivalent longitudinal stiffness to simplify modelling. Formulation of spring stiffness and the length of stressed rail in both elastic and inelastic case are extracted from a simulation of connected springs. Proposed model is validated via an FEM analysis. Total stiffness of structure and effective length of rail on subgrade outside the bridge show a good agreement with those determined by FEM analysis. Finally, temperature, braking and seismic (pushover) loading were analyzed on the previous and proposed model. Results were compared with each other which showed very good agreement. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_68812.html The purpose of this research is Design of Work-Family and Family-Work Model. The method of the present research, in terms of its outcome, is a component of developmental research, as a target for exploratory research, and as a method of implementing quality work. In this research, interviews were conducted with 12 human resource specialists who were selected through targeted sampling. Interviews were conducted in-person interviews and in-depth interviews. To assess the reliability of the data and interpretations, the criteria for interpretive research were based on two criteria of acceptance and plurality. Based on GRANDED's method, the theory of analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, and the design of the paradigm of research was designed. Based on the designed model, the causal conditions include three main components of "work-family overflow", "job conflict" and "family-work overflow". The underlying conditions include three types of psychological well-being, attitudes and ambiguity in the role, and in the intervening conditions the three components of policy making, interest-seeking and the role of rules and regulations were identified. The pivotal phenomenon of research is based on the key words of interviews, overflow and job contradictions. Based on the identification of the criteria of the three causal, background and interventional criteria, strategies and outcomes were presented. Strategies included three organizational, psychological, and transactional strategies, and the outcomes including structural, axis-driven, and development-oriented axes were identified. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_70542.html Rail transportation as one of the major transportation modes along with significant advantages such as economic savings in fuel consumption, reduced air pollution and close to environmental standards have increased the importance of this segment of transportation and has led to the continuation and development of the rail transport sector in the country. The proper utilization of this sector as well as the necessary investment can be effective in efficient utilization of the transit situation in the rail transportation sector of the country.The main objective of this paper is to use the panel's data econometric techniques in assessing demand for transit in the Iranian transportation sector and to estimate the demand function using the gravity model. In the estimated model, five variables: 1. The amount of transit goods carried in the rail transport sector of the country, 2. The tariff rate for transit in the rail transportation sector, 3. The transit time for transportation in the railways, Gross domestic product of Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, 5. Geographic distance between countries of Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and Iran is considered.The results of the estimation show that the tariff variable is statistically significant and its coefficient is 0.27. Also, the time variable is also significant with a coefficient of 1.27. Both of these variables yield expectations and say that with a one percent increase in tariff rates and transit times, the transit demand in the rail transportation sector will decrease by 0.27% and 1.27%. There is a direct and significant relationship with the coefficient of 0.24 between GDP in the countries of Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and the demand for transit in the transportation sector of the country. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_73402.html One of the important issues in road pavement management is the allocation of resource in different parts of the network in order to maintain the pavement conditions at desired levels. In this paper, a tri-objective model is proposed for this purpose, whose objective functions are: 1) to minimize the percentages of the network that are in “critical” and worse-critical conditions (other than the “worst” condition), on which some improvement measures should be performed to reach a desired condition; (2) to minimize the percentage of the network that is in “worst” condition, and, in order to bring it to a desired condition, it should take renewation measures; and (3) to minimize the total cost incurred due to the maintenance and rehabilitation measures made during the entire planning period. To solve the tri-objective model, a hybrid method is proposed using multi-objective parametric optimization and ε-constraint methods. The results of applying the model show that despite the mental imagination at first glance, the first and second objective functions may have conflit, so that increasing one of them may lead to decreasing the other; therefore, these two objectives cannot be considered together as a single objective function. One of the important features of the proposed method is that the Markov Chain process model, as the prediction tool for the pavement condition, is incorporated into the optimization model. This makes the pavement condition prediction and resource allocation simultaniously and prevents achieving local optimal solutions. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_76564.html Expanded coverage of travel demand with fast and mass public transportation (such as subway and bus BRT) with using feeder networks is possible. High complexity of the exact methods of solving problems feeder networks leading to heuristic researchers and meta-heuristic methods to solve these problems. This paper present an innovate approach to solve the problem design of feeder bus network in a test network (sioxfals) which can take into account many important parameters. In this paper product som initial route; then with set parameters such as: the coverd demand to travel time, maximum ans minimum limit of length,these route have been selected. Frequency restrictions، other restrictions that are covered track number and percentage of the final routes have been selected for their help. The proposed method was used in the test network Siox-Falls and able to cover the demand for public transport by rail networks to help improve feeder lines. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_76566.html One of the most appropriate ways of controlling traffic congestion in metropolises is the traffic congestion pricing. Traffic congestion pricing has been done in different ways in the metropolises of the world. Choosing the right method for traffic congestion pricing in the touristic metropolises is very important. In this research, four methods for traffic congestion pricing were evaluated and prioritized using the Analytical Network Process (ANP). The Analytical Network Process (ANP) is based on expert opinions and paired comparisons, and considers dependencies among decision elements. The prioritization of evaluation and weighting to decision elements based on the network analysis process (ANP) in this study was done by using “Super Decisions” software. The touristic metropolis of Mashhad was selected as a case study in this study. Based on the obtained results, the pricing method of the monitored ranges is the highest priority and the pricing methods based on the distance traveled within the traffic plan, the pricing based on the time of the traffic scheduling and pricing based on the entry permit are respectively in next priorities. The most effective evaluation criteria are known as reducing of travel time, reducing single-seat vehicles traffic, increasing the using of public transport, and increasing the operating speed. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_77082.html Planning for travels is one of the most important activities everybody does while getting ready for it. In this research, we have reduced computational time and improved the quality of proposed routes and route score parameters in a social network and location based recommender system using sequential patterns in the graph. This improvement is gained by combining extracted data from locations from social networks, GPS data from taxi networks and creating a traffic aware system. First a network was created from points of interest (POI) extracted from social networks and GPS data from taxis. Then a two-level method was designed and implemented to personalize travel planning, increase route score, reduce computational time and improve proposed route and give the user the best possible recommendation.This improvement is gained by combining extracted data from locations from social networks, GPS data from taxi networks and creating a traffic aware system. First a network was created from points of interest (POI) extracted from social networks and GPS data from taxis. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_77152.html One of the important lateral force is dynamic loading due to earthquake. The behavior of pile foundations under earthquake loading is an important issue that widely affects the performance of structures. The topic of seismic pile behavior has been covered extensively in the literature over the past few decades. In this paper the behavior of single pile and pile group have been examined. Pile group has four pile and rebar and concrete weight in pile group is equal to single pile in this research. The single pile and pile group are analyzed under Tabas, Bam and Loma-perita earthquakes loading. The finite element software, ABAQUS, is utilized to model pile and piles group. Soil is modeled as an elastic-perfectly plastic model using the Mohr–Coulomb constitutive model. The side boundaries are constrained against horizontal direction and the bottom boundaries are constrained against both horizontal and vertical directions. Maximum shear force, lateral displacement and force along the pile in single pile and pile group, under the earthquake loading that mentioned above, have been measured. The results are shown the settlement in pile group is around 30 percent less than single pile and the lateral displacement in the head of single pile is 0.23 meter but the lateral displacement in group pile is 0.1 meter in Bam earthquake loading. The shear force in the head of single pile is 2084 kN and the shear force in head of the pile in pile group is 334 kN. Taking into account soil condition, the results shown that utilize the pile group (equal rebar and concrete weight by single pile) is better and more economic than single pile. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_77153.html چکیده:همه روزه ملیون ها نفر از شهرنشینان با شبکه های پیاده ، سواره و انواع مختلف حمل ونقل تماس داشته و برای پاسخ گویی به طیفی از نیازهای شغلی، تحصیلی، خرید، تفریح و غیره از حمل ونقل شهری استفاده می کنند؛ این جابجایی ها در تمامی نواحی شهری الگوی یکسانی ندارد و تابع عوامل و متغیر های گوناگونی است.دسته ای از این عوامل به تبعیت از عناصرپیکره بندی فضایی است که.یکی از مهم ترین آن ها همانا نحوه چیدمان کاربری زمین درشبکه معابر است.که در این پژوهش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.از طریق مطالعات این حوزه می توان پیامد های احتمالی استقرار کاربری ها بر الگوی سفر شهروندان را ارزیابی نمود.ومشخص خواهد شد که درصورت ترویج الگوی سفر پایدار؛کاربری ها باید چگونه توزیع شوند.بهمین منظور منطقه هفت کلان شهر قم به عنوان بخش مرکزی شهر (C.B.D) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است.فرآیند تحقیق توصیفی– تحلیلی است و برای گردآوری اطلاعات از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده است. به منظور تحلیل داده‌ها و آزمون فرضیات از روش‌ های آماری آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و متناسب با آن تحلیل رگرسیون چند متغیره واز نرم‌افزارهای کامپیوتری ازجمله Gis,Spss Depth map بهره گرفته شد.‍یافته های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که در شهرقم ومنطقه مورد مطالعه،میان الگوی سفر شهری وچیدمان کاربری ها ارتباط معنی داری وجود دارد. بطوری که نتیجه ی پژوهش نشان می دهد همبستگی بین شاخص هم پیوندی با درجه تمرکز کاربری تجاری،شاخص اتصال با درجه تمرکز کاربری مسکونی،شاخص یکپارچگی با کاربری هایی چون حمل ونقل و انبارداری منجر به الگوی غالب سفر در هریک از این مسیر ها و محدوده ها شده است https://www.trijournal.ir/article_77154.html Due to its beautiful nature, province of Mazandaran which is always one of the tourist and tourist provinces, where many people travel to the province every year in different seasons. The province is also one of the country's agricultural hubs, which contribute a lot to the transportation of this industry through road transport, which creates high traffic volume traffic and, as a result, traffic accidents. The statistics provided in recent years show that this province is the seventh province for casualties caused by accidents in the country. Based on this, a lot of research has been carried out on the identification of factors affecting the severity of accidents and there have been many advances in this regard, but studies on the relationship between the severity of accidents and the type of collision have been negligible, so further research in this It seems necessary. In this research, using a model of logistic polynomials from a set of selection models for predicting the intensity of accidents has been used. Also, using a prediction model of two sets of data mining algorithms including CART algorithm as one of decision tree algorithms and ANN-MLP algorithm, an array of artificial neural network algorithms was used and the required results were extracted and with each other Have been compared. According to the studies carried out in this study, it has been shown that the best model was the MNL model in terms of the correct prediction and the ability to present the prediction formula for each level. The results obtained in the forecasting section show that the estimated formula is able to predict the severity of accidents at 0 (zero) and 1 levels with sufficient accuracy. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_80000.html Global logistics includes transportation in land and sea side. In land, trains and trucks are used to transport goods. The design of the transportation network and connection between land and sea includes determining the location of distribution centers and their connecetions with the maritime ports. Determining the optimal location and capacity of distribution centers and type of transportation means for the delivery of goods between sea ports, distribution centers and customer nodes, has a high importance in the distribution network's efficiency. In this research, a two-objective math programming model is proposed for locating distribution centers in which multimodal transport is used to connect the port and hinterland. In this model, the internal and external supply and demand flows of each node are intended to determine the location of distribution centers or terminals in hinterland, with the aim of minimizing the transport costs as and pollution caused by vehicles. In this study, the modified Epsilon method has been used to solve the problem. The results of the research showed that the construction of distribution centers and the development of transportation modes should be in the range of 96 to 106 billion dollars. Also, the amount of carbon dioxide produced in each of these investments will be about 40 to 56 million tons a year. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_80289.html Based on the analyzed data, multi-vehicle crashes compose ten percent of crashes in Tehran province in 1390. In order to reduce injuries severity in this kind of crashes, we need to identify significant factors affecting injuries severity. In this paper, multi vehicle crashes in Tehran province has been analyzed by using MLP neural network. In order to increase the modeling accuracy, two models with different level of injuries severity have been developed. The classification accuracy in model one and two was calculated 98.5% and 98.4%. The area under the ROC curve for all different models and severities have been calculated and shows acceptable ability to distinguish between the outcome groups. The result from sensitivity analysis shows that the vehicle type and vehicle model have significant importance on multi vehicle crashes at all level of injuries severity. In the lower level of injuries severity, light condition, accident position and any obstacle in driver’s sight can influence injuries severity and in higher levels of injuries, driver’s age, manner of collision and human fault can affect injuries severity in multi vehicle crashes. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_81633.html The behavior of the asphalt mixture depends on the characteristics of asphalt binder, aggregate, filler and mixing design. One of the effective parameters in improving the behavior of asphalt mixtures is to modifying the asphalt binder properties using mineral additives. Accordingly, in this research, we tried to study the behavioral properties of asphalt mixtures made with modified asphalt binder with a type of natural zeolite called Clinoptilolite. For this purpose, this material has been used in two percent mass of asphalt binder (2 and 4 percent). In order to investigate and determine the dynamical properties of base asphalt mixtures and modified resilience of the modulus of experiment with indirect tensile strength, fatigue life by indirect tensile fatigue test and rutting potential using repetitive axial loading have been used. The results obtained in this study indicate that the use of this additive has reduced the asphalt binder thermal sensitivity and increased the viscosity and hardness of it, increasing the modulus and the number of loading cycles that led to failure of asphalt samples. Also, the use of zeolite reduces the final deformation in repeated loading experiments and increases the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures. By increasing the amount of Clinoptilolite from 2 to 4% of asphalt binder mass, the modulus of resilience of asphalt samples increases the elastic properties of the specimens and increases the ability to withstand stress. With increasing temperature, the presence of Clinoptilolite in the samples has led to a reduction in the modulus reduction rate and an increase in the depth of their roughness less than the control samples. This, in turn, reduces the thickness of the asphalt process, reduces the probability of occurrence of the slip phenomenon at high temperatures and reduces cracks caused by fatigue at medium and low temperatures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_81634.html The prime coat is used to create a layer of bitumen to seal the base of roadways, protecting under-layers from water intrusion, binding the surface material, enhancing adhesion between unbound and asphalt layers, and preventing slippage between them. The presence of the solvent improves penetration of prime coat material through facilitating the capillary action. Because of environmental aspects, in this study, the cationic emulsion is produced with two different solvents, namely Kerosene and bio-solvent, with three different quantities, 0, 7, and 12 percent by emulsion. Penetration of produced emulsions in compacted base samples was evaluated in dry and wet condition. The results showed that the amount of solvent had a remarkable influence in the penetration of the bitumen emulsions and the solvent-containing emulsions had better penetration than emulsion without solvent. Also, the type of aggregate materials and their moisture content had a significant effect on the emulsion penetration, so that the penetration of emulsion in wet calcareous aggregates was more than dry calcareous and wet and dry siliceous aggregates. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_81947.html In most mix design methods, hot mixture asphalt (HMA) is considered to be a single object and only its macroscopic parameters are determined. This is because the microstructure of HMA is very complicated. Asphalt mixture is heterogeneous in nature; therefore, macroscopic parameters alone cannot describe the mechanical behavior of the mixture.In this paper, the analysis and evaluation of microstructure parameters of aggregates in field asphaltic samples are compared to laboratory samples in different compaction energies. Image processing and quantification of the internal structure parameters of the mixtures were performed using two-dimensional images from the cut-off of samples and iPAS2 software. The results of the comparison between the parameters of micro and field samples showed that the number of contact points in the cores was close to the number of contact points of Marshall samples, which were made with moderate compaction energy. It was also determined that by examining mixtures of asphalt mixtures, new and useful information can be obtained that confirms the necessity of using micro parameters in the mixing design of asphalt mixtures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_81949.html Because of the destructive effects of greenhouse gas emitted by fossil fuels, moving to alternative fuels is an unavoidable. Alternative fuels play a very important role in the transition to a sustainable and clean the transportation sector. The adoption of alternative fuel vehicle fleets is not easy and, particularly at the beginning of the transition period, the lack of infrastructure for producing, distributing and delivering the alternative fuel is one of the most important obstacles. Therefore, the location of alternative fuel stations is an important topic in accelerating the entry of this fuel into the transportation system. Due to the lack of refueling stations, the assumption that all vehicles on intercity trips can travel all paths with only one alternative fuel is unrealistic. One of the practical ways is utilize of bi-fuel vehicles, to use gasoline in an emergency for avoid to stopping the vehicle on the journey by run out of alternative fuel. In this paper, we present a new model to location of alternative fuel station for bi-fuel vehicles. The model's goal is to minimize total emissions from vehicles. Also, we propose an efficient solution algorithm based on Benders decomposition to solve large network. The results show that the use of bi-fuel vehicles can lead to a significant reduce in greenhouse emissions. Moreover, implementation of proposed algorithm on randomly generated examples illustrate that the algorithm is useful in reducing the solving time and obtaining acceptable solution. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_81950.html Today, road safety is a great concern of traffic engineers because accidents have imposed extensive impacts on the quality of people’s lives. In order to reduce accident black spots, researchers have discovered feasible solutions to identify and prioritize high risk locations. However, their findings were shown that they cannot able to find accurate intensity of accident-prone segments along road length. According to their studies, the novelty of this study is to present a new combination method and modify previous studies based on segmentation and prioritization methods. Thus, the aim of this study is to use wavelet dynamic segmentation and the cause-oriented model by means of multi- criterion decision making method. Therefore, the results obtained on Khoy- Ivoghli road in West Azarbaijan province indicated that accident-prone segments regarding their intensity are classified as main and local segments including S4> S3> S5> S1> S7> S2> S6> S9> S8>S10. The results indicate that the S4 section with the length of 4 km and 56 accidents is ranked in the higher priority. Respectively, S10 section with the length of 4 km and 13 accidents is ranked in the lower priority of the improvement of the road safety. Moreover, by comparison the cause-oriented model with the wavelet dynamic segmentation, it was shown that the cause-oriented model has more capability and accuracy for prioritizing accident prone segments. In the future, this study may help researchers to identify accurate spots and accident prone segments with low budget. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_82457.html Environmental pollution is one of the factors affecting it and it is one of the important issues in the economy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic growth on environmental pollution in the transportation sector during the years 1368 to 1394. Therefore, firstly the theoretical discussions on the effect of economic growth on environmental pollution have been investigated, then this issue has been empirically investigated in the road transport sector and the Kuznets 1 environmental contamination curve has been extracted. Also, Microfit software has been used to analyze and analyze the data using the Distributed Disturbance Pattern (ARDL) pattern.The results of estimating the model indicate that there is a positive relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution and the negative relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution in the transportation sector. Therefore, Kuznets' environmental hypothesis is true in the country's road transport sector, and also the curve return point shows that Iran's road transport sector has not yet reached the point of return to the Kuznets environmental curve. There is also a positive correlation between the use of oil products and environmental pollution in the road transport sector. Therefore, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that the policies necessary to move towards green and clean technologies will be made as it will lead the country to a sustainable growth path. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_82817.html The study of effective factors in the selection of intra-city trips is one of the important issues in urban planning. So far, adult travel behavior for various purposes has been extensively investigated by transport planners and urban scholars, and many conceptual models have been developed for this purpose, but less attention has been paid to students' study trips. On the other hand, studies have recently been conducted on the selection of travel equipment for students in metropolitan areas such as Tehran and Mashhad, but less attention has been paid to middle cities with less populations and more traditional tissue. In this research, factors affecting the choice of the tool for student trips to the middle city of Ardabil have been investigated. Based on the general census of population and housing in 1395, the population of the city of Ardabil was 529,374 people in the form of 15,827 households, of which 14.8 are from 7 to 13 years (grades one to six), so that 64.6% of boys and 17.7% of girls are. In this regard, student's travel data was collected by questioning. In this questionnaire, 600 questionnaires distributed among 496 return questionnaires, 411 questionnaires were used. After the initial analysis of the data, using a multi-logit model with randomized decomposition, modeling was used to select the method of study trips for students in Ardabil city. The results of the studies show that the socio-economic characteristics of the parents of the household have a significant impact on the method of selecting the travel means of the students. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_82818.html Traffic operations in the congestion parts of road networks are very complicated and a comprehensive analysis of interactions between vehicles is essential for understanding the bottleneck event and providing solutions for addressing the issues. This involves the development of traffic theories to explain driver behavior on the microscopic state, that one of its main elements is lane changing behavior. In this research, the effects of vehicles lane changing before the right turn for exiting from the intersection and after the right turn for merging into the next urban corridors, in different percentages of the right turn traffic volume in the three well-known intersections namely "Felezi-Mellat", Simin, and Sadoogh " intersections in Isfahan city, one of the most congested city in central part of Iran, using Aimsun software were studied and evaluated. The data collection method was done using videotaping technic and peak hour of the intersections was recorded. Then the geometric and traffic characteristics of the intersections were extracted using field observations data extraction from the recorded films. For the aim of the research, two main parameters of the Aimsun lane-changing model, including distance zone 1 and distance zone 2, were estimated with proposed values. In the end, using Synchro software, signalized intersections timing were optimized under different scenarios. Having used the proposed timing schemes, the intersections were modeled in Aimsun software in order to evaluate the traffic measure of effectiveness under defined scenarios. The results showed that using the proposed values instead of the default values of Aimsun lane-changing model changed the value of travel time in the aforementioned intersections of the Felezi-Mellat, Simin and Sadoogh by (1) to (-9), (0) to (-15), and (0) to (-5) percent, respectively. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_82860.html The safety and convenience of road users have been affected straightly by the pavement surface condition, which would be more serious in special weather conditions. The reduction in skid resistance between tire and pavement surface, splashing, spray, unpleasant light reflection and reduce in driving safety can be count as consequence of water existence on the road surface. Porous Asphalt are using as permeable surface layer which can increase the safety and reduce the noise pollution. This study is focusing on modified porous asphalt with two different types of polymers, one elastomer and one plastomer. The samples has been prepared with 85-100 penetration grade bitumen, lime aggregates, stone powder filler and SBR and EVA polymer in two different content (4 and 5 percentage of bitumen weight). The penetration test, rotational viscosity and elastic recovery test has been performed on the modified bitumen. Moreover, the porous asphalt samples has been tested by resilient modulus test, indirect tensile stress test and wheel track test. Results of bitumen tests shows enhancement in stiffness, viscosity and flexibility of bitumen which improves the bitumen’s performance. In addition, asphalt mixture test results show higher cohesion and adhesion in porous asphalt compared to the control sample, which is the reason of improvement in moisture sensitivity and rutting. Among the all tested samples, the SBR modified samples shows a better performance. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_85794.html In today's competitive world and trying to produce more and earn maximum profit in mining industry, analyzing the behavior of the fleet system is more important. Information available on the failure rate and repair time of system components are uncertain and imprecise so it is difficult reliability analyzing and prediction behavior of system based them. In the present research, behavior and reliability analysis of shovel System as an important equipment fleet of transport in open pit mine investigated under uncertainty using by fuzzy set theory and lambda-tau methodology. Cable shovel consists of seven subsystems (cable, bucket, stick, under carriage, engine and gearbox, pneumatic and electrical) in a series network configuration that have Weibull distribution for failure time. Behavior of system is analyzed by using various reliability indices namely reliability, availability, MTBF (mean time between failures), failure rate and repair time. Results show that failure information has uncertainty less than repair times; and after 10 hours, RAM-index of system decrease. Behavior system analysis as helpful tool for select suitable maintenance strategy and improve performance system can be used. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_86862.html Entrepreneurship ecosystems are an array of effective dimensions that create the business environment. The importance of Port Cities as one of the main economic components and its role in the country's entrepreneurship and economic development is evident. Economic development, trade and maritime transport and entrepreneurship are interlinked. Entrepreneurship ecosystems in Port Cities are a set of interconnected and interdependent components that are effective in influencing and enhancing the process of creating entrepreneurship in Port Cities with innovative look, added value, and business in the entrepreneurial activities.The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors in the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Iranian Port Cities. The type of exploratory research and research method used is the data-base theory. The statistical population of the Port Experts includes experts, managers and consultants working in the public, private and cooperative sectors of the ports and headquarters. The sampling method is a targeted one. The method of data collection is in the first step, documentary studies, in the second step, observation and theoretical analysis, and in the third step, a deep semi-structured interview. The data coding method was coded in two ways manually using the Atlas.Ti software; the result of this coding is 8 dimensions, 24 categories and 84 components. In order to measure the reliability of the findings, interviews were analyzed using a re-test method and the validity of the findings was verified automatically by the software cores and more reliable than the expert group. The factors affecting the ecosystem of entrepreneurship in Port Cities are: politics, markets, human capital, support, stakeholders, culture, finance, and natural capital. Paying attention to these aspects will improve the business environment and increase the share of sea transportation in port cities. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_86865.html Asphalt concrete cracking in cold regions is one of the most important damages of asphalt surfaces. In addition to the cold in some regions, we also see rain that the combined effect of these two factors causes frozen asphalt. In this case, asphalt damages will drastically increase. In this paper, the fracture resistance in saturated hot mix asphalt samples under the influence of freeze and thaw cycles will be studied. For this purpose a few asphaltic samples that have similar materials, aggregation and construction conditions were made as SCB, then they were saturated. Then different temperatures (-5 and -15°C) and cycles (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) were applied to them. The effect of these parameters on the critical stress intensity factor was studied in 4 fracture moods: tensile mood,(tensile mode, shear mode and two mix modes). The result of this study shows that by increasing the number of freeze and thaw cycles, the fracture toughness will be reduced significantly. As it is, until the seventh cycle, the decrease of the fracture toughness will be increased significantly and after the seventh cycle, its severity will be decreased. The other result of this study is that with a temperature drop of 15- ° C, the fracture toughness will be increased. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87157.html Public vehicles in our country can be an important part of the solution to improve the economic, energy and environmental challenges and bring us a better quality of life. One of the manifestations of low technology in public transportation is the leasing in traditional ways. Getting a fair in traditional ways in the transportation industry has many problems, such as waste of time and delays in travel time, hence the need for the transformation and introduction of new technologies into this field. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of electronic ticketing on improving the performance of urban public transport. In this research, filming is done from each of Seyeddkhandan to Tajreish (paper and money tickets) routes and from Vanak Square to Tajreish (Electronic Ticket) at peak hours of the morning and evening and on different working days. After that, information about the time stops variables is extracted using the recorded videos. In the next stage, the data are analyzed statistically (mean, variance and normal or non-data). Then, for each of the paths, the latency prediction models are calculated and the best model is determined using fitness and correlation tests. Finally, to measure the change in how money and paper tickets are transferred to the electronic ticket on the path of Seyeddkhandan, it is done on the simulation stop time. The results show that the model 4 is more suitable than other models and has more adaptation than the actual delay time. And one of the most effective measures that bus companies can do to increase passenger satisfaction is the change in how the travel costs are paid; setting up an electronic payment system and costing each one can lead to a reduction in the length of time passengers boarding and As a result, reduce stop time. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87192.html Paying attention to the effective causes of pedestrian safety is one of the components of urban transportation. Non-signalized intersections are considered a place with having high levels of risk because of happening many different conflict situations between vehicles and pedestrians. In this paper, the variables which are influential on the pedestrian safety based on the Post Encroachment Time are assessed. Such an assessing is done by linear regression models. For this purpose, the data was extracted observing a non-signalized intersection in Tehran called Vesal Shirazi-Bozorgmehr. The results demonstrate that the variables such as the vehicle, being a taxi and the pedestrians having unusual stops are effective in PET, having coefficients -0/08 and 0/38 respectively in 95 percent of reliability. Also, the number of pedestrians and vehicle's previous conflicts with other vehicles in the physical area of the intersection are effective, having coefficients equal to 0/04 and -0/05 respectively in 90 percent of reliability. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87444.html Maritime Transportation is one of the most important means of transporting in the economy. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of trade through mritime shipping on basic and non-core employment. In this regard, data from the annual time series of the Iranian economy over 1360-1394 have been ellated ARDL regression have been used. The results of the estimation of the basic employment model showed that exports and imports through maritime transportation have a positive and significant effect on basic employment. The capital stack and value added of the maritime transport sector have a significant positive effect on basic employment. The real wage of the workforce employed in the shipping sector has a negative and significant effect on basic employment. The results of non-basic employment model estimation indicate a positive and significant effect of the variables of the exports and imports of maritime commerce, the capital stack in Iranian economy and the value added of the maritime transport sector on non-basic employment. The results of this model also show that real wage have a negative and significant effect on non-core employment. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87446.html Unexpected traffic delays in street networks impose irreparable cost to users. Recurrent traffic congestion is one of traffic delay’s sources. This phenomenon steams from demand variation and also street's capacity reduction, which is caused from accidentally events. this condition leads transportation network’s performance to an uncertain condition that needs probability indexes to evaluate it. The first purpose of this research is to evaluating urban transportation network performance in order to providing appropriate paths to users. Therefore, a mathematical model is presented to assess the network performance reliability subject to recurrent traffic congestions. One of the policies that may reduce traffic congestion, is street widening. The other purpose of this paper is providing a model to select a number of network's street for expanding by considering budget constrain, in way that increase network performance reliability, as much as, possible. Street widening is a Np-hard problem, thus, using the Quantum-inspired evolutionary meta-heuristic method is adopted instead of the accurate problem-solving methods, while accuracy is maintained and to a great extent, problem-solving time is reduced. Finally, a numerical example, which is applied on Sioux falls network, is presented. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87448.html In this study, the effects of two typical commercial heavy airplanes, namely airbus AA380-800 and Boeing B747-400ER, on the potential of reflective crack propagation in composite pavement have been investigated. The axles of the airplanes were positioned at different longitudinal and transverse distances from the center of crack and the stress intensity factors, and tensile strain at the tip of crack in asphaltic layer were determined and compared. Modeling and analysis were performed using extended 3D finite elements method. The asphaltic layer was assumed to behave as a viscoelastic material and the underlying layers were assumed to be linear elastic. Results show that higher maximum stress intensity factor in mode 1 is generated under Boeing airplane loading than airbus, and those in mode 2 and 3, are higher for airbus than Boeing. Results also reveal that by moving the center of axles along the longitudinal joint, the maximum tensile strain at the tip of crack decreases, such that 42.87% reduction for airbus and 23.89% reduction for Boeing airplane is obtained, in comparison to the loading at the center. By moving the center of axles in transverse direction, the maximum tensile strain at the tip of crack increases by 26.73 and 17.93%, in comparison with the load at the center for airbus and Boeing airplane, respectively. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87449.html In this research, the effect of pH of the environment on the mechanical and volumetric properties of cement stabilized clay soils has been investigated through various tests in a laboratory scale. In this research, a problem-sensitive clay with chemical stabilization by cement in three short, medium and long term (3, 7 and 40 days) curing days under different pH conditions vary from acidic to alkaline with the pH of 4, 7 and 10 was tested in order to evaluate its mechanical and volumetric properties. Specifications for mechanical evaluation in this study included a test of density, single-axis bearing and California Bearing (CBR) test, which were used in different conditions in terms of the degree of acidity and curing days on specimens. The California Bearing Test (CBR) was also used to evaluate the volumetric properties. The results of this study show that soil improvement by cement increases mechanical strength and decreases the rate of soil swelling over time and curing days. However, the degree of acidity of the environment affects the chemical reactions of soil and cement, especially cement hydration, and causes changes in soil resistance and on the volume changes due to inflation. This effect depends on the pH and curing days. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87450.html Today, modified bitumen is used in the asphalt pavement, extensively. This has improved the properties of the asphalt mixture, including fatigue failure performance. Beside of these additives effect, a phenomenon called asphalt self-healing also increases the fatigue life of the mixture. Since there has not been extensive research on effect of self-healing, design fatigue life is usually considered to be less than the capacity of the mixture, and this action, in addition to adding cost, affects high temperatures performance or in other words, rutting performance. In this study, modified mixtures containing crumb rubber , styrene-butadiene-rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene and polyethylene polymers were prepared in two groups of same bitumen and same void ratio and subjected to four-point fatigue and rutting tests. results showed that SBR elastomer polymer with increased bitumen elasticity provides the highest recovery capability (85%) for asphalt specimens. Subsequently, the SBS polymer has the highest fatigue life and 60% recovery capability. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_87451.html one of the main reasons for weaknesses in the airport management system or failure in capacity of some parts of the airport is the inability to assess the level of service of those parts, and the lack of information about satisfaction level of passengers from different departments. For proper management requires awareness of the satisfaction of passengers and comparing this information with the standards of world-class airports. The elements were chosen based on Airport Service Quality Department and IATA suggestion at the first. then there is 3ways to evaluate the elements, evaluate some of them based on on authors finding and compare to limited, some of them based on questionnair according to passengers travel experience, and the rest of the elements, a paired copmarison questionnair based on analytic hierarchy process method is designed. after analysis, prioritization of all the elements are done; so Facilities for disabled passengers and waiting time in check-in control area have the highest importance with 11.7% and 10.5%, and shopping centers and restaurants with 2.4% and 3% have the least importance for future reform. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_89871.html Structural damage detection is based on that the dynamic response of structure will change because of damage. Hence, it is possible to estimate the location and severity of damage before and after the damage. In this study, damage detection issue based on modal parameters for an optimization problem using neural network and fuzzy genetic system offered and the effectiveness of these two methods in detecting the location and also the severity of the damage is assessed. For studying damage detection, the numerical model of the Crowchild bridge is made by its dynamic characteristics and has been used for various damage scenario detection. In the first method, the natural frequency, and in the second method, modal strain energy is selected as a damage indicator. Using simplified models to study the behavior of bridges due to their simplicity and acceptable accuracy is very common. The results show that the Genetic Fuzzy System can be more successful when a simplified model is used. Comparing the results of two failure detection methods shows that the fuzzy system is less sensitive to existing uncertainties. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_90158.html Considering the environmental issue in form of reducing both of air pollutant emissions and disposing of waste materials in the environment, nature lovers have come up Asphalts with less heat in production (warm asphalt) and use again of recycled materials in the road construction sector. According to this approach, waste tire rubber in warm mix asphalt is used and since fatigue failure is affecting the quality and safety of asphalt pavement, effect of this additive on fatigue life has been investigated. In this regard, Zycotherm was used as warm mix additive in amounts of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent by bitumen weight and waste tire was used as substitute for 10 and 20 percent aggregate. Resilient Modulus, Indirect Tensile Strength, Four-point Bending Beam and Indirect Tensile Fatigue tests were done on asphalt specimens. The results showed that both additives increase fatigue life and the optimum use of waste tire rubber in warm mix asphalt is 10 percent replacement with aggregate, which can improve fatigue life by up to 80 percent along with 0.1 percent of the zycotherm. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_90159.html According to Tehran Traffic Department’s report, the number of urban taxi accidents in Tehran in 1394 and 1395 was 1886 and 2021, respectively. The aim of this study is to investigate the unsafe behavior of taxi drivers as a large group of professional drivers and the factors affecting driving offenses occurrence in Tehran. To reach this goal, the data regarding driving offenses of urban taxi drivers in 22 districts of Tehran from 1394/1/1 to 1395/12/29 has been collected from traffic police of Tehran and used in statistical analysis and multiple regression modeling. According to the results, the drivers of taxi fleet aging over 70 are more likely to pass the red light compared to the driver younger than 30. Old drivers who were trained long time ago can be updated by training. The rate of passing the red light for the drivers having class 1 driver’s license compared to the ones with class 2 driver’s license is less. By giving some bonus like insurance discount, free annual technical diagnosis of car or giving free parking card to the class 1 driver’s license can motivate the drivers to obey the rules and drive more safely. For the drivers with class 2 driver’s license who commit more traffic offenses, giving negative driving score is suggested which can act as a restraining force. Younger taxi drivers, drive riskier compared to the older ones and as a result, they commit more driving offenses. For instance, drivers less than 30 years old are 3 times more probable to commit prohibited entry than drivers over 70 years old. This kind of offence can be decreased by enacting stricter rules for the younger drivers. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_92438.html Tehran citizens suffer from hardly found public parking spots on their daily intra-city trips. Official statistics published by the Tehran Municipality affirms the high gap between public parking supply and demand all over the city. This gap, however, is a result of decades of shortfalls in developing public parking in the city. The contributing factors which have prevented the authorities from solving the issue during past years, however, have not been investigated yet. To address this problem, this research investigated the Tehran’s parking development issue from different aspects. An assessment was carried out according to a thorough literature review and field survey of four major stakeholders including car owners, public parking investors, public parking operators, and the city authorities. The questionnaire-based survey conducted among car owners in the city showed the majority of the car owners spend more than 10 minutes finding free parking spots which create high stress among them. The majority of car drivers were interested in the parking areas close to their destinations. Consequently, on-street parking spots were more favorable than the off-site parking areas. In the interviews conducted with different stakeholders, low profitability of the parking investment, not taking the issue seriously by the city authorities, high costs of parking construction permits, poorly regulated car park rates by the authorities and high parking operation costs were identified as the main influencing factors to the parking problem. Giving a high priority to this issue by the city authorities, proactivity regulating the car park rates in different parts of the city, creating new parking investment incentives such as tax exemptions and granting commercial permits, and implementing new regulations encouraging parking owners in using off-street parking were among the recommended solutions. The achieved results in the research can be used as inputs for future decisions in the Tehran Municipality. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_92474.html In recent years, dynamic behavior of the high speed train passing through the turnout has been interested. Some of these studies include examining wheel and rail dynamics at the crossing nose. The dynamical behavior of passenger high-speed bogies during passage through the turnout is one of the most important issue in the safety of the vehicle, because of relation between speed and safety. The statistics have shown 40% of derailment have been caused by turnout defects. The purpose of this paper is studying and analyzing dynamics parameters of passenger coach and safety of a bogie, such as the derailment and the forces of the wheel and axle when passing through the turnout with different turnout profiles, because of their important role in safety and performance of railway system. In order to reach the purpose, a multi-body dynamic model of vehicles and turnout with different profiles and radius has been created in Universal Mechanism software. As the results show, the geometric features of the turnout, such as its radius and turnout profile, have greatly influenced the dynamics of the fleet. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_92600.html The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tourism of the Middle East countries in terms of having air transport infrastructure, Ground infrastructure and port and infrastructure of tourism services. This assessment is done in two steps. First, country scores are calculated separately in each infrastructure using the Prometheus model. Second, the overall situation of countries is calculated and the rates obtained are compared in 2015 and 2017. The research findings showed that Terrain and port infrastructure relative to air transport infrastructure and the tourism services infrastructure is in a better position. Also found the findings However, apart from Cyprus, all of the studied countries have had a high upward trend in tourism development than in 2015 However, only the UAE, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have a favorable situation. The UAE has been at the top of the Middle East's tourist infrastructure for both countries at both times. The output of this research can be a strategy for tourism development planners in the Middle East based on the results of the Prometheus model. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_92605.html Today, due to the expansion of demand on the one hand and the increase of market competitiveness, on the other hand, distribution and logistics management as a requirement for distribution companies and companies to raise profits and reduce costs is raised. In this research, the mathematical model of vehicle-based routing problem based on put out and the impression approach is developed at the same time. The goal is to determine the best route with minimal shipping cost and maximize customer demand. In the routing problem, both demand for receipt and delivery of commodity with each other, requiring the receipt of a certain amount of commodity from Depot, and also the commodity to be sent from customers to Depot. On the other hand, customer satisfaction is commensurate with the amount of demand for each customer that is satisfied, the higher the demand for a customer, the greater the satisfaction. Therefore, this research is to introduce a vehicle routing model with simultaneous and simultaneous withdrawal with the aim of maximizing customer demand supply to increase customer satisfaction. In order to solve the proposed mathematical model, a precise method of solving the problem using the GAMS software was performed in addition to experimental and model issues. Also, by examining the behavior of the two functions relative to each other, it is understood that because the first objective function is rating the cost of routing and the second objective function is to maximize customer demand supply, so these two objective functions behave vice versa and when one of them decrease another one will increase, which indicates the validity of the model. On the other hand, the results of sensitivity analysis indicate that with decreasing and increasing the parameter of the traversing routes cost and customer demand, the objective function is increased or decrease, respectively. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_92720.html The transportation industry of any country represents the economic situation and the extent of its industrial development, so it can be considered as one of the important factors in the economic, cultural and social development, etc. of each region. Therefore, the growth of economic activities in Iran and the need for faster transportation of people and goods enables the country to serve as the main transport hub for export, import and transit. Reviewing the role of this type of Transportation is important in economic growth and can be effective in identifying opportunities and challenges, and ultimately providing a better view for policymakers and operators in this field. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of air transportation (number of passengers and the volume of freight transported) on economic value added in the provinces of the country (31 provinces) between 2005 and 2017. The results of this study, using the dynamic panel econometric approach (Generalized Method of Moments or GMM), show the positive and significant effects of variables on the number of air transport passengers and education, as well as the negative and significant effects of unemployment and the volume of freight transported by air transportation on the economic value added of the provinces of Iran. According to the results, it can be argued that air transportation of passenger in the country's situation during the period of this study can be the factor for growing economic value-added, while, the freight transportation in terms of the costs has not economic efficiency. Furthermore, the results illustrate that establishing international airports in the province has a positive effect on economic value-added and also the value-added of the previous period has positive and significant effects on current economic value-added which represent dynamic of growth. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_93154.html In the past few decades, small ports have lost their regional and national role due to development and growth of major ports of the country and have transformed into local ports. However, these ports have much potential to assist Ports and Maritime Organization to fulfill its long-term perspectives. Port networking is one of the newest ideas developed in leading countries of the maritime transportation industry. In a networking approach, small and large ports can act as performance nodes of the network contributing to the whole system in order to reach the superior goals and outlook. In this research, the focus is on commercial ports of Khuzestan province: Imam Khomeini, Khorramshahr, Abadan, Arvandkenar, Choebdeh, Sajjafi and Shadegan. First, port assessment indicators are defined using Delphi method, considering spatial and economical, multimodal transportation and infrastructures approaches. Then, each port`s specifications are precisely assessed using modified indicators and every port is valued into three levels. Finally, considering common network designs, the most optimum network model is developed for commercial ports of Khuzestan. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_93259.html In this study, additive of waste polybutadiene rubber and Sasobit were used to increase bitumen performance. For this purpose, samples of bitumen 85/100 with 1, 2, 2.3, 3, 4, 5 and 6% polymer percentages (weight percentage of bitumen) and also 2.5% of Sasobit by using a high shear mixer were prepared. At first, classic bituminous tests (penetration degree, softness point, specific gravity, flash point, viscometer, and ductility) were carried out on bitumen. The preliminary results of the study showed that the waste PBR polymer reduces the degree of penetration and specific gravity and also increases the softness point and stiffens bitumen. In the ductility test, with increasing the amount of polymer, the elastic property decreases, and with percentages higher than 2.3 bitumen weight percent, the extensibility rate is less than 100. Therefore, 2.3% was selected as the optimum value of PBR polymer. Then, to evaluate the high temperature of bitumen, a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test was performed on modified bitumen samples. To evaluate the heat-treated bitumen modified with PBR, a thermal-gravimetrical analysis test (TGA) was performed and the results showed that the addition of PBR polymer increases thermal stability. The results also showed that adding waste PBR polymer to bitumen as well as in combination with Sasobit increased rutting resistance and generally improved the high temperature performance of bitumen. Accordingly, the mixture of 2.3%PBR and 2.3%PBR+2.5%Sasobit, respectively, increases the high temperature performance grade of bitumen, in one and two degrees. In the following, by the dynamic creep test and the effect of the wheel track at high temperature, the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures samples were investigated and the results of this test showed that the resistivity of the produced sample 2.3% PBR + 2.5% Sasobit was significantly higher than other mixtures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_93260.html However, the land transportation of dangerous goods via rail or road plays an effective role in development of business transactions and meeting the industrial requirements, it has a potential danger to the human life and property as well as the environment health. Therefore, the national and international regulations have passed specific requirements for the persons involved in transportation of such goods in order to prevent any incident and minimize the respective effects. In addition, some of the requirements have a contractual source which are imposed on the carrier in order to provide the utmost private and public interest. The carrier of dangerous goods is one of the parties to the transportation contract who plays an important role in monitoring the dangers resulted from transportation of such goods. The present research with a descriptive-analytic method intends to explain all the exclusive duties of the dangerous goods carrier by taking into consideration the contract of carriage and the international regulations governing the land transportation in comparison with those of in Iran. The conclusion of the research shows that the carrier who is aware of the dangerous nature of the goods is required to take the utmost care of the safety of the transportation process in order to prevent damage and protect the public interest. He/She has to take the utmost care in employing the experienced and trained staff, carrying out proper load, stowage and unload, using vehicle appropriate for carriage of dangerous goods and checking the appearance of the cargo. However, in some regulations, it is not enough to take the utmost care for using the appropriate vehicle but the carrier shall provide the real and unavoidable proof in order to relieve of liability. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96133.html The enormous costs of repairing and maintaining of the existing roads have led to extensive researches in this area. Much of the cost goes to repairing asphalt pavements. On the other hand, the occurrence of permanent deformations in this type of pavement has been recognized as one of the most common causes of the failure of flexible pavements. These deformations are strongly influenced by the creep performance of the asphalt. Understanding and predicting the potential of the occurrence of these deformations in the laboratory phase of specimen fabrication will have a significant impact on reducing pavement repair and maintenance costs. But asphalt creep performance assessment equipment is expensive and out of reach in the current country situation which is under sanctions. In this study, it has been attempted to predict its creep performance by constructing numerous samples of materials commonly used in asphalt pavement construction in Iran and using asphalt stress-strain curve. For this purpose, the force-displacement curve of the Brazilian tensile test was used. This test is done easily and at a low cost with a change in the Marshall Machine jaw. The proposed model shows that by using the parameters of this curve, a proper estimation of creep performance can be obtained. The validity of the mentioned model is confirmed by means of the analysis method of average and also by genetic algorithm. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96244.html Road transport as one of the factors of affecting economic, Displacement of goods and passengers, areas of access to facilities and national welfare increases and Investment in this sector as a key factor, determining a critical role in the road transport sector is growing. Therefore, the transitional capital of the department of road transport and the changes is important in this section and Understanding of the quantitative and qualitative, decision-making and planning in the road transport sector in the macro and micro levels, is important.The objective of this paper is Estimate of production function in the Iran's road transport sector using Translog production function during years of 1974-2011. The results show that if a percent Capital stock Increase, the value added of road transport will grow 0.17 percent. Partial elasticity of Labor is 0.54 that show increasing a percent in labor of road transport increased value added of road transport to 0.54. Another effective variables on factors of production in the Iran's road transport sector is energy consumption that has a positive impact and the effect is 0.22 that Show increasing a percent in energy consumption of this sector, increased value added of road transport to 0.22 https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96245.html The need for a suitable roller Compacted concrete has effective role in the use of this concrete in the pavement. In order to achieve the desired roller Compacted concrete, an optimal mixing plan is required to have optimal mixing parameters such as kind of stone materials, type of aggregate, type and amount cement consumption and other properties of its ingredients can play a significant role. In this paper, by changing the roller concrete gradation in 8 different types, inside and outside the specified range of regulations, and 5 different percentages of cements, compressive strength of cylindrical samples were tested and calculated to determine the optimal amount of cement and optimum granulation. The results of this experiment showed that the mixing plan with 34% fine grained and 66% coarse presented the best compressive strength. The concrete compressive strength of Rolled Compacted Concrete was increased by increasing the cement up to limited amount . https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96247.html The present research is conducted to analyze obstacles and challenges of achieving sustainable urban transport in Tabriz metropolitan area. that paradigmatic bases, based on the pragmatism approach, in terms of purpose, is applied, and in terms of nature and method, is an analytical-descriptive one. Data were collected using a combination method. The quantitative data were collected from a researcher-made questionnaire (100 people) and qualitative research data by exploratory interview and semi-structured interview with some of the managers and related experts (29 people) Were collected. The qualitative results of the research showed that the level development of the country and the political economy of the urban space production as the Context, Weakness of urban land use system, weakness of approach and coordination of urban development plans and comprehensive transportation plan, infrastructure weakness of sustainable transport patterns as the Casual Conditions, Weakness structure of institutional and decision making, financial and economic barriers, cultural challenges and social developments, weakness of education and electronic communications, and weakness of regulations and standards as the Intervening Conditions, has shaped Grounded Theory challenges of achieving sustainable urban transport in Tabriz Metropolis. Also, the results the Goodness of Fit assessment from the structural model show that the proposed model is compatible with the qualitative results at the desired level. As the inherent contradiction between the economic, environmental and social objectives of urban transport, the structural problem of the Iranian economy and the dependence on oil and its impact on urban development and urban transport, the monopolistic and inefficient policies of automobile companies and government support, the lack of coordination Urban transport subsystems, the lack of an integrated approach to urban transport, lack of integration of land use schemes and urban transport systems, the lack of acceptance of sustainable urban transport measures by the public, most important challenges . https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96250.html Pay factors are an integral part of the quality assurance. Since the production and supply of asphalt cannot meet all the specifications in accordance with the criteria, determining the relationship between quality and payment is important. The results of the studies on 21 Marshall mix design and 592 sheets of quality assurance and field inspections from asphalt plants show that in preparing the mixing design some cases of inaccuracy in determining the type of traffic, sampling, determining the optimum bitumen content and using The mixing plan is seen for a period of several years. In general, quality control has been low in the 12 projects examined, and there are no recommendations for general technical specifications. Marshall's experiments in this study that affect the pay factor are performed without hammer calibration and are sometimes computable mistakes. It was also found that in some of these projects, in spite of the lower percentage of Marshall parameters inside the specification, they had a higher pay factor, which could be considered And considering the reasons for the non-conformance in this research, it can determine the ineffectiveness of the selected pay factor or indicate that the use of (QA) results for acceptance and payment to the contractor, regardless of quality control (QC) Cannot be used as a way to increase the quality of asphalt pavements and to include costs based on the life cycle.Keywords: Quality assurance, pay factor, mix design, Quality control https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96253.html Energy is one of the most important issues of the world today. Given the limited energy resources and the increase in the prices of energy carriers in Iran, identification of methods and solutions for supplying resources and energy consumption in the energy and energy industries such as transportation is very necessary. In this regard, due to the rich natural resources of the country and the government's investment in this sector, the importance and role of compressed natural gas (CNG) as one of the best gasoline alternatives in cars in the past years has been identified. On the other hand, due to the role of various factors in economics, politics and society in the performance of this industry, policy and planning are associated with particular complexities. Hence, in this paper, a systematic approach is proposed to provide appropriate solutions for the development of optimal use of compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of petrol as a fuel for the road transport sector based on the important impacts of this industry and their effectiveness on the basis of the dynamic system Designed and decomposed. An approach that involves and interacts with all the factors involved, as well as adopting a glimpse into the compressed natural gas (CNG) industries in the transportation sector, provides appropriate solutions for the development of an appropriate economic system. Accurate and timely information, creates a long-term program for the fuel basket, Suitable fuel prices, the proportions of the growth of Duncan cars with compressed natural gas (CNG) supply sites, are known as effective development variables in use of compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of gas is known in Iran's road transport system. Finally, make the necessary and effective suggestions based on the systematic analysis to create a growing trend to government officials and policy makers. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96257.html Creating an optimal portfolio for projects is one of the main issues discussed in the projects portfolio management. Selecting the right portfolio projects guarantees the excellent performance of the project portfolio management and the organization mission achievement becomes more probable if this combination is chosen more suitably. A bi-objective model is proposed in this research based on the strategic goals, cost and the time for the optimal selection of the projects portfolio which, by being solved, leads to obtaining a suitable combination of the projects for achieving the maximum value of strategic goals with the minimum cost in the determined time horizon. Different sections of the Iran Railways Company should select and manage their investment for achieving the strategic goals in the 2021 horizon and wisely choose and execute their projects, one of the most important sections of the Iran Railways Company is the signaling and telecommunication section, in where 120 projects are defined. This model was implemented on 120 projects of the signaling and telecommunication section of the Iran Railways Company and after solving, 81 projects were chosen and scheduled in a way that the Iran railways Company will have the minimum distance with its strategic goals with the minimum cost until the end of 2021. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96574.html Management of blood products is one of the major concerns of mankind. Although efforts have been made to find suitable alternatives to blood, but blood donors are still the most important source of care for patients. Blood is a sensitive and perishable product; in addition, a little its randomness of supply and demand can add to the complexity of this chain and make it difficult to manage, especially in earthquake-prone situations, because its deficiency causes human death and excess is not accepted. Therefore, in this paper, a mathematical model for locating blood distribution sites along with transporting vehicles routing in earthquake conditions is presented. The goals are to minimize blood shortages, maximize satisfaction of affected people, and minimize transportation and location costs. One of the contributions of this paper is considering scenario-based uncertainty along with risk of disturbance and satisfaction of affected people. The proposed model is solved in small and medium dimensions with the Epsilon constraint algorithm and for the case study (District 7 of Tehran city) with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). The results of the analysis show that the estimation error is minimized in the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and as the number of established distribution centers increases with demand increases. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96575.html In Recent years, different Traffic schemes such as the Odd-Even day plan starting from the door of each house or the extension of traffic congestion zone to the Odd-Even plan range have been implemented when vehicle emission rates reached their maximum amount in Tehran. In this study, according to the approved plan of the Emergency Committee for air pollution in Tehran to extend traffic congestion zone to the Odd-Even plan range in Tehran in the third and fourth week of November 2016 and by using the information obtained from the amount of personal car usage of citizens in a selected area of Tehran, which includes 15 intersections and their traffic statistics harvested by the SCATS system, the volume of cars and their emissions rate in this zone during the above-mentioned period and also in the second week of November and the first week of December 2016, during which the Odd-Even plan was also in effect, was simulated and calculated with Aimsun Simulation software. In another stage of this research by using distributed The results shows that during the weeks that Tehran traffic congestion zone extended to the Odd-Even plan range, and Specifically the comparison for the first day of implementation of traffic congestion zone in the range of Odd-Even plan with the same day in the previous week (implementation of Odd-Even plan range) in this research, produced cars emissions for the CO, HC and NOx pollutants has been decreased 20, 18 and 14 percent. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_96709.html Vehicle scheduling problem is an important combinatorial optimization problem arising in the management of transportation companies. It consists in assigning a set of timetabled trips to a set of vehicles so as to minimize a given objective function and efficiency use of the resources. In this paper, vehicle scheduling problem under undeterministic conditions is considered. The problem is formulated as a credibility-based fuzzy integer multicommodity flow problem. An approach based on the combination of branch-and-price and heuristic algorithms is used to generate vehicle schedules. The heuristic algorithms are applied to accelerate branch-and-price algorithm. Two sets of benchmark examples are considered to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm in the large-scale instances. The results show that, the proposed method generates vehicle schedules with different decision maker's satisfaction degrees. The algorithm is applied to solve classical multi-depot vehicle scheduling problem as well. In this case, the results show that the proposed algorithm improves the integrality gap in comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms. Also the proposed 〖B&P〗_H algorithm decreases the computational time in comparison with the normal branch-and-price algorithm. Finally, the approach is used to generate bus schedules in Tehran BRT network. Computational results show that the proposed method generates bus schedules with the minimum number of delayed trips. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_97098.html The importance of the role of information in the supply chain, and the place of transport and logistics as the economic driver of countries, has brought together information and communication technology and transportation, and the formation of intelligent transport systems (ITS). The efficiency of freight and passenger transportation systems depends on the optimization and correlation of ITS with other systems. Some researchers believe that intelligent transportation will be realized by business intelligence and specifically through the ITS system. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing relationships between the dimensions of intelligent business systems and the maturity of organizations in using intelligent transport system data in the management and planning system of government agencies in the transportation sector of the country using modeling techniques Structural equations examine the dimensions of the business intelligence maturity model. The results indicate that the organizations studied have a good maturity to implement the intelligent business system and its relationship with intelligent transportation systems. Also, the quality of information content and access to it, flexibility, convergence and integration with other systems positively affect the success of business intelligence. These results also emphasize the importance of paying attention to the capabilities of business and enterprise business intelligence. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_97262.html As part of the project management process, risk management is of great importance in all projects. It is also essential to identify all potential risks regardless of their impact on the calculations or events. Any of the three main objectives in a construction project, namely the cost, time, and quality, may be exposed to risk and uncertainty. Project risks include unknown possible incidents with positive or negative consequences for project goals and detectable causes and effects with direct impact on cost, time, and quality objectives. Several studies have addressed risk management in urban highway pavement projects. These projects play a key role in the aesthetics of a city and improving the satisfaction of citizens. This issue has received much attention in recent years, which translates into the allocation of the largest portion of highway construction and maintenance budget to pavement projects. Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze and assess risks in urban highway pavement maintenance projects. Following a brief discussion on EPC contracts, a model is presented for carrying out the risk management process in EPC contracts for urban highway maintenance in compliance with the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) based on experience from past projects and the views of authorities, managers, and experts collected and analyzed by questionnaire and interview. Further, seven critical risks in EPC projects were identified and addressed and potential solutions were recommended. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_100618.html Steel is the most consumable alloy in the industry and its consumption is steadily increasing. One of the most important by-products of steelmaking and refining processes is steel slag. The use of steel slag as an industry waste in geotechnical applications, in order to reduce the problem of slag disposal, as well as preventing the destruction of natural resources, is particular importance. It is necessary to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of steel slag generated from different steelmaking operations and assesses their potential use in road and railways embankment constrictions. In this paper, the physical and compaction properties and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) characteristics of steel slag as a base and sub base road pavement material and sub ballast of railway were studied. Two type of steel slag, Blast Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slags that generated in Esfahan Steel Company and Mobarakeh Steel Company are use in this research. The grain size distributions range of the test specimens have been selected in accordance with the characteristics of the road pavement as well as the existing laboratory facilities. In this study slag type (BOF, EAF), grain size distribution (G1 and G2), compaction energy (standard and modified compaction) and the effect of saturation in California bearing ratio were evaluated. The results of the atterberg limits test indicate that the material is none plasticity. The results of the tests showed that dry unit weight and optimum moisture content, BOF slag with G1-grain size and standardized compaction, had the lowest dry density, and EAF slag with G2-grain size and compacted by modified density method, has the highest dry unit weight. Based on the California Bearing Capacity test, the highest CBR value is related to the EAF slag with G2 grain size and the dry modified density. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_102039.html Various environmental conditions could have a significant effect on traffic flow. Understanding the effects of environmental conditions on a vehicle’s speed could provide an accurate estimation of travel speed and traffic management strategies adoption to prevent traffic crashes. In this paper, the speed of vehicles had been investigated based on different variables, such as the effect of some weather conditions (such as rainy, foggy, cloudy and sunny), air temperature, speed variations during nights and days, heavy vehicles percentages and vehicle volumes. In this research, the effects of these variables on vehicle speeds have been studied in order to decrease suburban crash frequencies, using a multiple linear regression model. Required data have been gathered from Iran Road Maintenance & Transportation Organization and Meteorological Organization Government agency in 2014. According to 7541 hourly samples at Tehran-Qom freeway, the results of the proposed model shows that rainy weather and night and day speed variation caused 1.355 and less than 1 kilometers per hour reduction in speed, respectively. Also, the proposed model has an acceptable and reliable error in speed prediction and the evaluation criteria such as mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error were 3.579, 4.034 and 4.996, respectively. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_102040.html In the past years and with the start of Autumn and Winter seasons in Tehran, when vehicle emission rates reached their maximum amount in Tehran and According to the approved plan of the emergency committee for air pollution in Tehran, traffic congestion zone was extended to the Odd-Even plan area and many of the citizens changed their way of access to the area and other citizens paid the tolls to travel inside the zone with their private vehicles. In this research, first, the interviewees were asked to determine how they have traveled to the Odd-Even plan area. In the following, the proposed hypothesis was based on this assumption that if the traffic congestion zone due to the air pollution problem, is extended to Odd-Even plan area, According to the different scenarios, which travelling means they choose. After reviewing the results obtained from the questionnaire and using the Aimsun simulation software, the amount of emissions produced by the movement of vehicles when implementing the Odd-Even plan area within their range and the above scenarios have been investigated and evaluated. the results of this study show that the most ideal mode for reduction of pollutant values in the Odd-Even plan area, was with an increase of 40-75 % of the money allocated for the traffic congestion zone in the year of 2016 and with extending of that in the Odd-Even plan area, The relative abundance of travelling with non - public transport means, caused to reduce 21-23% and in parallel of reduction of travelling with non - public transport means, the amount of produced cars emissions for the CO, HC and NOX pollutants has been decreased 39, 36 and 30 percent in relation to the usual mode of implementation of the Odd-Even plan within its range, it will be reduced. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_102150.html one of the major causes of river bridge destruction is flooding below the base surface and flooding. In some cases, the bed is reinforced with rock material to counteract this phenomenon. This method has many advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of using bedrock that is equivalent to the natural bedding is that the heterogeneous bedding roughness against the bedding material causes disturbance to the flow and creates strong secondary streams. These currents can lead to an increase in shear stress and scour depth in the unprotected bed. In this paper, a conceptual model for the determination of shear stress ratio in unprotected bed with and without rocking is presented. In deriving the conceptual model, numerical simulation tests are performed on a flexible bed. In addition to presenting the performance validation of the Flow3D numerical model, the model was used to simulate flow in two conditions with and without rocket bed. In rigid bed conditions, computational and hardware costs are significantly reduced. The shear stress ratio in the unprotected bed was calculated and the fitted quadratic polynomial equation for different roughness ratios was presented. The coefficient of determination in each case indicates a good fit of the stress ratio in both flexible and rigid bed modes. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_103406.html Today, the transportation industry is considered as a special proposition in explaining economic infrastructure, while aviation plays a special role in advancing the economic objectives of the country among other sectors whose legal dimensions are remarkable. Regarding air law, the legislature has enacted two Articles 1985 and 2013, both of which have serious ambiguities in domestic and international flights, However, both of them are generalized. ؛ Which results in problems about compensation. On the other hand, there is no clear procedure with regard to some of the concepts of air law such as the term of duration of liability, the concept of burden, luggage and baggage…ect. that the formation of special branches of aviation courts could be very effective in this regard. The author focuses more on the fact that the drafting of a comprehensive air law in the field of domestic flights can strengthen the legal aspects of the aviation industry as well as other sectors of the Transportation Industry, since regulation of passenger rights has failed solely to meet the needs of the community. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_103589.html This paper presents post-cyclic-monotonic behavior of BOF and EAF steel slags as ballast and subballast layers with and without geogrid or tire chips, and comparing their behavior with limestone material. Tests were carried out by the large scale triaxial equipment. The confining pressures are chosen with respect to the stress levels in typical rail road track. The tested specimens were prepared by maximum dry density. The used square shape geogrid has aperture sizes of 25*30.5 mm and the depth of placement about 5cm above and middle of subballast. Size of tire chips was 12.7-25 mm and mixed 7% by weight, only in ballast layer. Maximum deviatoric stress, secant modulus, unloading-reloading modulus, friction angle and particle breakage are investigated. Results indicated that performing cyclic loading on ballast layer before the post cyclic-monotonic tests decreases the axial strain corresponding to maximum deviatoric stress. Post-cyclic-monotonic friction angle of ballast and subballast with and without geogrid ranges from 57-65°. The friction angles of the steel slag of ballast, subballast and ballast/subballast specimens are similar to traditional ballast materials. The values of and decrease as moisture of specimen increases. Average poison ratio for mention layers is about 0.3. Marsal breakage index (Bg) of the single layered steel slag ballast is almost two times of the limestone ballast. Presence of steel slag subballast increases Bg of the steel slag ballast to about 2 times. According to fouling and breakage indexes of steel slag ballast under post cyclic-monotonic loading is relative clean. Saturation of ballast specimen causes increase of particle breakage, therefore the drainage of ballast materials is necessary. Usage of tire chips is not recommended in ballast due to high rate of decreasing of modulus and friction angle. Results indicated that the steel slag particle may be used as natural aggregate in ballast and subballast layers. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_103590.html Many factors or parameters influence the field density of asphalt mixes. Since the number of variables affecting a large and somewhat different compacts affects each other, it is almost impossible to determine a constant interpolation relationship. Data mining and its techniques are a way of discovering hidden knowledge between dependent and independent variables, as well as indirect and nonlinear relationships can be identified by dividing the data into groups or leaves in the decision tree method. In this study, commonly used data mining techniques in civil engineering, including the neural network, logistic regression and decision tree. By emphasizing the application of decision tree method, with the aim of exploring knowledge models and providing predictions, other data mining tools are used to assist in constructing and evaluating the developed satistical model. The explanatory variables used in the three models of this study are the percentage of void, asphalt mix strength, aggregate size, bitumen percentage, asphalt mix flow. The results show that the percentage of void content of stone materials, the percentage of passage of sieve 200 and 4, and the bitumen percentage had a greater effect on the density and compaction of asphalt mixture. Also, a multiple linear regression model with a correlation coefficient of nearly one between the density of asphalt mixture and variables were presented. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_104002.html Propose a model for predicting the vehicle fuel consumption in freewaysStudies show that of all petroleum products, a significant share (about 30%) is allocated to gasoline consumption; therefore proper management of vehicle fuel consumption can have positive effects on economic and environmental aspects. In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of the pavement roughness and the longitudinal slope on fuel consumption, the pavement roughness and the longitudinal slope of three freeways including Tehran-Saveh, Tehran-Karaj and Tehran-Qom freeways, were measured in one hundred sections using a road surface profiler. Furthermore, by installing a Bluetooth diagram on the test vehicle, the amount of the fuel consumption was recorded for each section. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the pavement roughness and the longitudinal slope increase the vehicle fuel consumption significantly. In this study, an equation was proposed to predict the fuel consumption of the vehicles on freeways. According to the proposed equation, Fuel consumption increases 2 percent when International roughness index increases 1m/km. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_106951.html Road traffic crashes are one of the major causes of deaths and injuries around the world. Approximately 1.2 million people (2.1% of all deaths) are killed every year and over 50 million are injured or disabled worldwide due to road traffic crashes. To control speeding and deaths different approaches regarding the road function has been proposed already. Speed cameras are one of these options in use. It has been approved that they are effective in reducing speed and crashes near speed cameras locations. This Study aims at evaluating the highways speed cameras through the Naïve and Naïve adjustment method in city of Mashhad. In this study Mashhad highway network was evaluated by before and after study and speed cameras crash modification factor was calculated for the first time for these cameras. This study revealed that these cameras are most effective in reducing invulnerable crashes however they are effective in reducing vulnerable crashes. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_106954.html Increased global competition, increased environmental uncertainty and increasing demand for diverse products and services have led companies in different industries to create sustainable competitive advantages compared to competitors, emphasizing the use of innovative marketing methods. The main purpose of this research was to investigate impact of innovative marketing strategic plans on the creation of sustainable competitive advantage for companies operating in the cluster of Rail Industries in Markazi province. Therefore, after studying previous studies and identifying research variables, the research hypotheses were developed and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the study showed that the first, second and third hypotheses were confirmed with the values of the statistical t of 9.842, 13.256 and 5.385 and it can be concluded that at a confidence level of 95% there is a positive and significant relationship between the development of innovative marketing strategic plans and the creation of sustainable competitive advantage based on the components of focus, cost leadership and differentiation in competitive advantage. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_106955.html Comparing and evaluating the road safety performance is desirable in a transnational levels, because each country can achieve a better and deeper understanding of its road safety status. In this study, a subset of multi-criteria decision-making methods, called the outranking methods, including PROMETHEE and ELECTRE methods, was used to evaluate the road safety performance. In these methods, the Analytical Hierarchy Process method is used to obtain the weights of the indicators, which are used as input weights in the PROMETHEE and ELECTRE models. The methods were used for Iran and a set of developing countries in order to examine the situation in Iran compared to the others. Then, the results being compared with the number of road fatalities per hundred thousand people for these countries as the reference point. According to the results it was found that, Among the five road safety pillars, the pillar of road safety management is the most important and the pillar of post-crash response is the least important one. Also, the lead agency sub-pillar is the highest importance in the road safety management pillar and the child restraint sub-pillar is the least importance in the safer road users pillar from expert's point of view. Among the 15 countries studied in this study, Poland found the highest rank and is known as the best-performing country. In between, Iran ranked 13th, reflecting Iran's relatively poor performance against other countries. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_106956.html The study of the effect of transportation price on the price index of economic sectors and the place of transportation according to the forward linkage, backward linkage, Power of Dispersion Index and Dispersion Sensitivity are considered as an important topic. In this way, this paper first examines the place of transportation in the Iranian economy and then examines the direct effects of increasing the price of transportation on the price of different economic sectors. To do this, using the Input-Output analysis and table 2011 of the Statistical Center of Iran. First, the symmetric table is calculated for the constant price and then merged under the various economic sectors and the input-output table is considered as 25 sectors.According to the results of this study, the highest impact of an increase 20%, 30% and 40% in transportation prices on commerce and hotel, petroleum products, chemical products, and mineral industries, agriculture and animal product price index. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_238272.html This study analyzes the impact of economic sanctions and shocks on Iran’s transportation sector (2011–2025). It identifies the transmission mechanisms of these effects through the exchange rate channel, distinguishing between long-term equilibrium and short-term sectoral responses. Utilizing a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the research examines quarterly data for the transportation Consumer Price Index (CPI), sectoral value-added, and the exchange rate. Cointegration tests were applied to verify stable long-term relationships, followed by Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis. Results confirm a stable long-term equilibrium. The cointegration vector reveals the exchange rate as the dominant determinant of transportation inflation, with a high elasticity of 1.61. Conversely, increased value-added significantly mitigates price pressures. In the short run, the transportation CPI serves as the primary adjustment variable, with an error correction term (ECT) of -0.058. Furthermore, exchange rate fluctuations, with a one-quarter lag, exert a robust impact on sectoral inflation. IRF analysis shows that exchange rate shocks trigger rapid, intense, and persistent increases in the transportation price index, while the impact on value-added remains mild and transient. Sanctions primarily affect the transportation sector by inducing foreign exchange market instability. The dominant transmission mechanism is the cost-push and imported inflation channel, rather than structural changes in real economic activity. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_239405.html The COVID-19 pandemic, by bringing about fundamental changes in travel patterns and driving behavior, has significantly influenced the structure of road traffic accidents. The objective of this study is to conduct an epidemiological analysis of road traffic accidents and to examine temporal, spatial, and behavioral changes among drivers in Mazandaran Province during the pre-, during-, and post-COVID-19 periods. This study adopts a descriptive–analytical design, and its data include all traffic accidents recorded by the Traffic Police of Mazandaran Province during the study period (2018–2023). After data cleaning, spatial, temporal, and causal variables were classified, and analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and Poisson regression modeling to examine factors affecting the severity of accident outcomes. In addition, spatial analysis and accident density mapping were employed to identify spatial patterns. The novelty of this study lies in its comparative analysis of traffic accidents across three time periods—pre-pandemic, during the pandemic, and post-pandemic—and in its investigation of changes in driving behavior under conditions of social crisis. The results indicate that during the pandemic, despite a reduction in traffic volume, the proportion of high-risk accidents—particularly rollovers and those associated with speeding—increased, and the temporal pattern of accidents shifted toward low-traffic hours. Furthermore, after the easing of restrictions, some of these high-risk patterns persisted. Overall, the findings demonstrate that human factors, time of occurrence, and type of collision play a decisive role in accident severity, and that the results of this study can inform traffic safety policymaking and transportation management in similar crisis situations. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237366.html With the advancement of autonomous vehicle technologies, decision-making in complex traffic scenarios has become a significant challenge. This study models abnormal driver behaviors—such as sudden lane changes, unusual speeds, and erratic reactions—using the SUMO simulation environment. To enhance autonomous vehicles' lane-changing decisions, Deep Q-Network (DQN) reinforcement learning was employed. The simulations included various driver types, such as normal, aggressive, overly cautious, and unpredictable drivers. Results indicate that the lane-changing success rate increased from 40% in the initial episodes to 80% in the final episodes, while collision rates dropped from 25% to below 10%. Rewards were defined based on speed (above 20 km/h: +10), lane position (center lane: +15), and collisions (-50). However, cumulative rewards showed high variance during early episodes and became more stable as learning progressed, reflecting the challenges of reinforcement learning in dynamic and unpredictable environments. Analysis reveals that the learning agent's performance remains unstable in unexpected situations, suggesting a need for further optimization. The study also proposes that more advanced methods, such as distributional reinforcement learning or integrating driver behavior prediction models, could improve decision-making. Ultimately, this research highlights the importance of more accurate modeling of real-world traffic conditions and hybrid approaches to ensure learning stability in autonomous vehicles. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_120004.html The high number of fatalities on rural road accidents is recognized as one of the biggest safety concerns in developing countries. Modeling the severity of pedestrian accidents according to the effective parameters provides the possibility of predicting the occurrence or non-occurrence of accidents. In addition, this model can be used to examine the impact of each factor on the severity of pedestrian accidents. Therefore, it is possible to identify the factors affecting pedestrian accidents that lead to a decrease in the frequency and severity of accidents. The purpose of this study is to create statistical models to predict the severity of pedestrian accidents on rural areas of Gilan. Therefore, in this study, by collecting information of pedestrian accidents on rural roads in 12 months of 1393 to 1397 in Gilan and using statistical analyses such as Friedman test, factor analysis and Logit model, the probability of occurrence of each category of accidents is calculated. The results of accident modeling and analysis by different methods showed that each of the analysis methods according to their function, examined the severity of accidents from different perspectives and had different results. Therefore, by combining the obtained output results, the best measures can be proposed to increase the safety of rural roads in Gilan. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_240955.html Industrial areas with heavy loads and special traffic conditions require strong and durable pavements. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the current situation and providing an optimal solution for improving the subgrade and pavement of the Shadabad Iron Market in Tehran (with an area of approximately 49 hectares). The study area, which includes Tavous and Baharan Boulevards, was examined in conjunction with the Tehran Technical and Engineering Consulting Organization. The research methodology included field visits, expert meetings, field tests (such as CBR and mapping), reviewing international experiences of concrete industrial pavements, and pavement design using AASHTO, PCA, and ACI methods. According to the field visit, numerous damages such as lizard skin cracks, potholes, sanding, and improper drainage were observed. Considering the static, dynamic, and impact loads resulting from industrial activities and heavy vehicle traffic, the use of rigid (concrete) pavements was identified as the superior option. In this regard, types of concrete pavements including roller compacted concrete (RCC), jointed concrete pavement (JPCP) and industrial concrete block (CBP) were investigated and compared. Pavement design was carried out considering traffic parameters, subgrade soil strength and environmental conditions and optimal thicknesses were calculated for each option. The results showed that roller compacted concrete pavement is recommended as the final option due to its reasonable initial cost, high durability and low maintenance requirement. Also, an economic comparison of the options was carried out based on life cycle analysis (LCCA) which confirmed the superiority of the concrete option in terms of long-term costs. This study can be used as a model for pavement improvement in other industrial areas of the country. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_240964.html This study presents a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the AASHTO 1993 rigid pavement design method, examining 883,245,415 valid design combinations (91.9% of the initial design space) across four road classifications: highway, arterial, collector, and local. Three complementary methods—full factorial correlation analysis, Morris elementary effects screening, and Sobol variance decomposition—were employed to quantify parameter influences and their interactions. For highway pavements, reliability (ZR) and traffic loading (W18) dominated thickness determination, collectively accounting for 81.6% of variance through first-order effects, with minimal interaction contributions (0.7%). The load transfer coefficient (J) exhibited the strongest correlation (r = 0.545), followed by traffic loading (r = 0.477). As traffic volumes decrease, a fundamental behavioral transition emerges: arterial roads showed 0.3% interaction effects; collector roads marked a transition point with 24.3% interaction-attributable variance; and local roads exhibited 72.9% of variance arising from parameter interactions rather than direct effects. The Morris method confirmed these patterns through systematically decreasing μ*/σ ratios—from values exceeding 2.0 for highways to below 0.4 for local roads. For local roads, W18’s total-order Sobol index (ST = 0.920) far exceeded its first-order index (S1 = 0.208), demonstrating that 71.2% of traffic influence operates through parameter combinations. These findings indicate that simplified single-parameter approaches remain valid for high-volume facilities, while low-volume roads require methodologies explicitly accounting for parameter interactions. This study does not advocate universal concrete pavement use for low-volume roads; rather, it investigates the sensitivity behavior of the AASHTO 1993 method within its formally permitted application range, providing methodological insights rather than prescriptive guidance on pavement type selection. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_107879.html Today, coronavirus (COVID-19) has become a major global threat. A lot of programs are proposed to prevent and estimate its associated processes due to the high risk of its transmitting among humans and the lack of drugs and vaccines to stop it. COVID-19 was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan, China. After a short time, the disease spread to other countries and became a global disease. According to the lives of most people, the transportation system has a significant impact on controlling or spreading the disease. Therefore, this subsystem is considered as an element of a proposed system dynamics model in this article. This model examines two different scenarios for infected people, mortality rates, and recovery rates. The system is designed according to various subsystems such as health care systems, transportation, public contact, and the capacity of food and drug networks. In the proposed model of this paper, a flow structure is utilized to show the effects of different sections of systems and subsystems depend on the COVID-19 outbreak over a long time. The results of the proposed model show that different parts of the main system and its related subsystems have different sensitivities and effects. Analyzing this model will be useful for government decision-making based on the results of the two scenarios examined. It is assumed that there is no effective vaccine or drug in the next 6 months. The results of the proposed model show that different changes in subsystems could increase COVID-19 mortality in six months from 10,500 to more than 1.6 million. Therefore, the mortality rate of this disease depends on the policies and behaviors of the factors influencing the model. Consequently, the mortality rate can be reduced based on proper planning against each scenario. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_107896.html One of the most important parts when any accident occurs is the issue of control and management before and after the disaster, and if this issue is not taken into account, another secondary catastrophe will occur within the main catastrophe. Therefore, in this study, a random integrated model is proposed. In which two categories of decisions are considered; decisions of the first stage of determining and controlling the inventory of distribution centers and location of distribution centers for pre-disaster and decisions of the second stage for post-disaster, including reviewing the flow of injured, Corpses, homeless and relief items in the network and the allocation of vehicles for this flow. Objectives of this paper include (1) maximizing the probability of successful passage of routes by increasing the reliability of routes, (2) minimizing relief costs pre-disaster and post-disaster, by considering the time window, (3) Minimize maximum uncovered demand for relief goods, for all centers in possible scenarios and situations. Considering the scenario uncertainty situation along with the uncertainty of the route and demand, multi-commodity, several modes of transportation and covering tour are among the innovations of this research. To validate the proposed model in small and medium dimensions, Epsilon restriction method in Gams software environment and for case study (Region 1 of Tehran) in large dimensions has been solved using Invasive Weed Optimization algorithm. The results of the analysis indicate that the Invasive Weed Optimization algorithm will be able to solve the model with the least error compared to the exact solution and less time. Also, as the capacity of distribution centers increases, the cost decreases. and as demand increases, the number of established distribution centers increases, and as the coverage radius increases, the length the tour decreases but number of unoccupied accident hotspots increases and relief costs, including transportation costs, increase https://www.trijournal.ir/article_108197.html Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures (SMA) are a kind of hot mix asphalt with Coarse aggregate skeleton and high percentage of bitumen and filler. Due to the high bitumen content and to prevent bitumen drain down and the maintenance of coarse aggregate, the use of additives Including fibers, polymer materials, nanomaterials, etc is needed. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the effects of nanomaterials on the moisture sensitivity of SMA asphalt mixtures. In this research were used, silica aggregate, AC-60/70, two additive Evonik Dgosa in the amount of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35%, and Zycotherm of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15% of bitumen weight. AASHTO T283 (modified Lottman test), Resilient Modulus Ratio (RMR), dynamic creep and boiling water test were conducted to control moisture sensitivity and rutting performance. Results showed that Evonik up to 26% and Zycotherm (nanomaterial) up to 34% improve the performance of SMA asphalt mixtures against moisture. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_108326.html Although one of the successful modifications for pavement asphalts was the blending of asphalt and the recycled crumb rubber using conventional wet process, problems with asphalt rubber such as phase separation and weakness in workability, which led to the introduction of the terminal blend process (TB) for the proper blending of asphalt and rubber. Rubber particles are completely digested in an asphalt binder due to the terminal blending process, which could cause a reduction in viscosity and a weakness at high temperature for TB rubberized asphalt compared to conventional asphalt rubber. In order to reduce the problems of TB rubberized asphalt, it is necessary to modify it. The main aim of this paper is to modify the TB rubberised asphalt by adding 2% and 4% of the nanoclay. First, after preparation of seven asphalt samples, the prepared nanocomposite structure was analysed using XRD and SEM tests. Then, the TB rubberised asphalt nanocomposite ageing, rheological, and physical specifications were investigated. The results showed that modification of TB rubberised asphalt by nanoclay reduced the temperature susceptibility and phase separation of it. On the other hand, it has been shown, compared to TB rubberised asphalt, TB rubberised asphalt nanocomposite has a high viscosity, softening point, and ageing resistance and also improved performance high temperatures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_108385.html Revenue risk sharing is a challenging issue in PPP highway projects that can be addressed by the options theory. The objective of this study is going beyond the common standard options by suggesting a set of exotic options suitable in modeling the revenue risk sharing mechanisms of PPP highway projects, and proposing evaluation and comparison techniques of these mechanisms. First, a series of semi-structured interviews are conducted to collect the experts’ judgments on the implication of each exotic option for the revenue risk sharing mechanisms of PPP highway projects. Then, through a content analysis of the interviews, the applications of these exotic options in the context of highway projects are identified and their risk sharing mechanisms are designed. The Geometric Brownian Motion and the Monte Carlo simulation are employed for forecasting the revenues and payment valuation of the options during the operation of highway projects. The application of the proposed mechanisms is tested in a real BOT highway project. The developed mechanisms and their quantitative evaluation techniques demonstrate their efficacy in supporting both public and private stakeholders of PPP highway projects in revenue risk sharing by (a) designing revenue risk sharing mechanisms, (b) simulating future revenues, (c) calculating the ultimate payment of options-based revenue risk sharing mechanisms, and (d) evaluating the risk spectrums of stakeholders with diverse risk appetite tendencies. Lastly, this study represents how exotic options can enhance the capability, flexibility, and precision, of revenue risk sharing mechanisms of PPP highway projects which can guide both parties to a win-win situation through a revenue risk sharing structure that considers their requirements and strategies. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_108386.html Rapid growth of population in metropolitan areas has led to an increase in transportation demand. Accordingly, development of transportation infrastructures is necessity in management of urban transportation networks. Economic analysis of multiple projects is a major step toward achieving this goal. In order to evaluate the effects of network development plans, especially for the expressways and their interchanges, macroscopic traffic modelling softwares are usually applied. These softwares are capable of anticipating the traffic flow distribution in large scale networks and have acceptable accuracy according to their mathematical modeling approach. Also known as static tools, these softwares encounter severe level of errors in forecasting the traffic situations in small scale areas where interactions between traffic flows exist. Hence, using these tools to evaluate the plans of expanding the expressway network may lead to select a project which would not generate the expected benefits if implemented. In this paper, a hybrid modelling approach based on macroscopic and microscopic paradigms is proposed to verify the results of static softwares. In order to assess the proposed method, a real case design for completing the interchanges of an intersection between two major expressways in Tehran is studied. It is shown that applying the hybrid scheme is a necessity to guarantee the success of projects due to the characteristics of static softwares. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_109309.html Application of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) together with presence of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is increased because of their environmental and economic benefits. However, lack of an accepted approach to obtain the optimum mix design of WMA reported as one of main challenges in this way. Presence of RAP particles in WMA would increase this challeng with respect to the interaction of virgin asphalt binder and RAP aged binder. So, the interaction between different testing variables (i.e. RAP content, Asphalt binder content and mixing temperature) was considered to present the mix design. The foam bitumen technology was applied in this work to fabricat the WMA mixes containing various RAP contents (30%, 50% and 70%). In addition, the optimization process was progressed using The Response Surface Method (RSM) in which the desirability index was employed to obtain the optimum mix design. Furthermore, the Image Proccessing method was carried out to investigate the stripping intensity of various mixes exposed to boiling Texas test. The results of this study showed that Foamed WMA mixes are more prone to moisture distress compared with conventional Hot Mix Asphalt. Moreover, the beneficial impact of RAP particles on the moisture resistance of Foamed WMA mixes is evident. Increase of RAP content in this mix led to decrease its susceptibility to moisture. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_109310.html Drivers are one of the main actors of transportation systems, which are able to make unexpected effects on the system and leave important information due to their human and social nature and smart behavior. Thus, the analysis of transportation systems considering this key role can provide valuable information to transportation managers. In this article, we first introduce the drivers’ collaboration network. Also, in order to explore the hidden structure within the network, a heuristic algorithm for detecting communities will be developed, considering both the effect of overlapping among drivers’ communities and existing several types of relationship between them, in the drivers’ collaboration network. Also, the developed algorithm will be able to incorporate the effect of non-member neighbor nodes in the community detection process. By evaluating and comparing the performance of the developed algorithm with the others, the results will indicate a better performance for the algorithm and also its higher speed, by reducing the search space in the edges of the network. Finally, the algorithm will be implemented and evaluated on a case study of freight road transportation drivers’ collaboration network in Iran. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_110092.html Energy as a strategic commodity has an impact on the economy of countries, accordingly, energy price changes affect different sectors of the economy, In addition, the uncertainty effects caused by the unpredictability of energy prices also have different effects on the country's economy, particularly on the road transport sector. Therefore, this study investigates the uncertainty effects of energy prices on the growth of the road transport sector over a period of 1989–2006.In the present study, the effects of energy price uncertainty on the growth of the country's road transport sector are investigated. The EGARCH model is used to calculate energy price uncertainty. To estimate the main model, self-regression model with distributive interrupts was used and EVIEWS 10 software was used to estimate the model and interpret the results.The results show that there is heterogeneity of conditional variance in the energy price and this means that there is uncertainty in the energy price. It also shows the results of the model estimation Which, both in the short and the long run, by increasing the proportion of investments made in the road transport sector on that sector's GDP, The economic growth of the road transport sector increase. Increasing the labor force in the road transport sector increases the value added of this sector And Energy consumption variable also has a positive effect on the growth of the road transport sector. Also, with rising energy price uncertainty both short and long term, the economic growth of the road transport sector reduces. Also considering the error correction factor in ECM model, It can be said that the adjustment speed was appropriate for the long-run equilibrium value, So that in each period about 0.43 error of equilibrium is adjusted and The short-run value tends to be exponential to its long-run equilibrium value. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_111704.html Nowadays traffic congestion in lots of cities like Tehran has become an important issue. A suggested solution is to use transportation demand management policies to reduce demand and maximize facilities efficiency. An effective measure for transportation management is congestion pricing, which could not be performed successfully because its public acceptance is low. In this study, based on the data that was obtained from 456 surveys conducted at restricted traffic areas of Tehran in 2018, we try to figure out the latent factors affect acceptance of Tehran peak-based scheme. An exploratory factor analysis and ordinal logit model is used for our purpose. Results show that some attitudinal factors like perceived effectiveness of the scheme, officials performance, program plan and the way it is performed and environmental concerns besides some socioeconomic factors like education, car ownership and travel patterns are of the most effective items. Results also show that congestion pricing acceptability among people with more information about this program, is more than others who make use of restricted traffic areas. The results of this study could be useful for transportation decision makers to take advantage of appropriate measures and policies with maximum acceptance level. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_111705.html Gasoline is one of the strategic goods which due to the development of related industries, especially the increasing number of cars in traffic, growing demand for this petroleum product seems. So, precise and accurate gasoline consumption prediction is important in different periods. In this regard, in this paper various econometric methods such as Autoregressive, Moving Average, Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), exponential smoothing and Holt-Winters smoothing in last version of MINITAB 19 to predict the monthly consumption of gasoline. Given the complex nature of data on demand and consumption of energy carriers, especially fossil fuels such as gasoline and gas oil, and the importance of this issue, data on monthly gas consumption in the country during the years 1384 to 1396 were received. The results show the accuracy of Holt-Winters additive model in predicting monthly consumption of gasoline in the country has a very high accuracy compared to other models. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_111707.html The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytical and graphical analysis methods based on the ARCGIS and GeoDa software environment to evaluate the efficiency and desirability of Ardabil citizens' access to the city's public transportation system. The variables studied in this study are: population density, access to public transport lines and the number of fleets, rate of private cars ownership, traffic congestion caused by traveling in private cars, number of bus stops in the lanes and so on that through library and field methods and by referring to relevant agencies such as the municipality of Ardebil, the governorate, the Planning and Budget Organization and other relevant organizations, using the database of these agencies and as well as field surveys using The GPS device was developed by field observation Collected. WLC, AHP and Moran models were used to analyze the data and answer the research questions. The results show that the utility and efficiency of the public transport network corresponds to the central Business districts, northern districts, parts of eastern and southwestern districts of Ardabil city. Conversely, the public transport network in the southern suburbs and parts of the northwest suburbs has been inefficient. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis of utility and efficiency of public transport system with personal car travel and personal car ownership coefficient indicated a negative spatial relationship between these two variables. That is to say, where the efficiency of the public transport network has been low, the use of private cars and the rate of car ownership have been greater, and where the efficiency of the public transport system has been greater, the use of private cars and its ownership rate was low. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_111712.html Road safety is recognized as one of the most important factors in transportation system of the world as well as in reducing road accidents. Currently, heavy expenses are spent for reducing road accidents and casualties, however, authorizes haven't so far achieved satisfactory and desirable results. It appears that adoption of global solutions might be effective in securing roads safety and making necessary planning and management in this regard. In the present study, researcher with the use of AHP Fuzzy method has tried to identify and determine the importance level of the effective factors on the safety of northern roads in Iran. For this purpose, a research population consisted of 125 traffic and transport mangers, practitioners and experts have responded to a 78-item questionnaire and finally, 23 factors were identified as the effective factors on safety of the northern roads of Iran. Research results indicated that with the adoption of AHP FUZZY method, the indicators of advertising in national media, reduced average age of vehicles and appropriate designing of road geometry respectively have the highest weight and importance with 0.126, 0.082 and 0.065 weights. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_112790.html Following the increase in population and the urbanization, there is a need for a public transportation system to facilitate the movement of citizens and access to their activities and services. One of the main types of public transport systems is the metro that has an effective role in reducing traffic flow of cities. So, suitable location of metro stations with regard to the surrounding environment can play an important role in increasing the efficiency and performance of the metro system. The purpose of this paper is comparative anslysis of Imam-Hossein and Jaber-Ansari metro stations in Isfahan and their environmental quality. In this regard, the required information was collected through documentary and field studies (observational, questionnaire and interview). Also, for this purpose, random sampling method was used with unlimited statistical population and 121 questionnaires were distributed. In order to analyze the components and measures, one-sample T-test and Yu-Mann-Whitney test in SPSS software were used. As well, we used AHP hierarchical method through Expert Choice software in order to determine the final status of the two stations. The results indicate that based on the components and related measures of security, justice, safety, economic dynamism, social dynamics, user and access, as well as the importance of each of them, in general, Imam-Hossein station is in better condition than the station Jaber-Ansari, and this situation is mainly due to the station of Imam Hussein is in one of the most important and vibrant centers of the city and the station of Jaber Ansari is at the core of a residential neighborhood. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_113131.html Nowadays parking spaces have been the main concern for city planners and decision makers, making them realize it is one of the most important infrastructures for the city transportation. The related studies have had an effective role in reducing traffic problems in mega cities concluding enhancement of quality in urban facilities. Ignoring such basics creates typical problems such as; double parking on busy streets with an immense shortage of parking spaces. Furthermore, cargo shipment activities and their applications with a lack of adequate space needed for parking create more difficulties for the transportation. The holy city of Mashhad would be a good case as a metropolitan city with great shortage of parking space especially in the areas densed cargo shipments and an eye catching number of applications which is getting worse each day. However, as a result of mismanagement the problem is getting extended and bigger. This paper try to find reasonable answers to these intricate questions related to Mashhad transportation difficulties. For this purpose, the first step is to consider, the basic standard of effectiveness and the necessity and the importance of best locations for the parking storage. Then, by evaluating different criterion in an analytical hierarchy method (AHP) the most suitable locations are determined precisely in GIS. Continually, extra efficient alternatives are suggested based on multi criteria decision making techniques such as TOPSIS model and the most suitable sites obtained for parking towers based on the ideal solution. Although the executed methods are evaluated regarding their performance and reliability. Finally, according to the generated answers TOPSIS has reduced 2.2% of transportation difficulties compared to the AHP method. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_113228.html Asphalt mixtures with aggregate or stone mastic asphalt (SMA) are among the hot asphalt mixtures that have been used in different countries due to their special characteristics and in order to increase the load-bearing capacity of pavements and increase their surface friction. Excessive use of bitumen in these mixtures forms a relatively thick membrane of bitumen on aggregates, and creates special properties for these mixtures compared to asphalt concrete mixtures. Various methods have been used to strengthen of the asphalt mixture, such as the use of various additives. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) filler is one of the additives that has been proposed to improve the connection between asphalt bonding and materials used in addition to the environmental aspect. For this purpose, in this paper, a total of nine types of SMA in different percentages of bitumen 60/70 and with the percentage of replacement of filler stone materials with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% filler of RHA, and experiment Marshall was done on them. The results of mechanical properties showed that the addition of rice husk filler improved the adhesion between bitumen and aggregates and increased the rutting resistance of SMA by increasing the Marshall Ratio. Increased unit weight and percentage of space filled with bitumen due to the increase in the thickness of the bituminous membrane around the aggregates and due to the presence of rice husk filler were other results of this study. Finally, it was concluded that the replacement of aggregates filler with RHA filler in different percentages and 6.5% bitumen resulted in better results. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_113385.html Summary:In today's competitive world, the survival of any organization requires special attention to various dimensions of sustainability and its development. Sustainable development is a comprehensive strategy to meet the needs of current and future generations according to economic, social and environmental considerations. Achieving sustainability requires making the right decisions for the organization's senior managers. In this regard, decision-making based on more accurate understanding of the factors affecting sustainability is essential. This article intends to provide a technique for evaluating the factors affecting sustainable development, to accurately identify the factors affecting sustainability and the interaction between them in the fuel transportation system of the National Iranian Petroleum Products Distribution Company. In this technique, the combined approach of two methods of interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy DEMATEL (FDEMATEL) has been used. Based on the combination of the results of these two methods, the nature, importance and priority of the factors affecting sustainability were determined. Among the 10 factors affecting sustainability of the fuel distribution system, the company brand and fuel quality had very little effect on sustainability and were eliminated. In addition, by determining the impact factor of factors and their leveling, the relationship between factors and the intensity of these relationships was determined and for sustainable development, the possibility of more accurate decision-making of senior managers of the organization was provided. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_118086.html Increasing demand for energy,Lack of fossil fuel resources,The risk of global warming due to the greenhouse effect and environmental pollutatnt and at tehe end Environmental problems and human health threats Among the issues that are Attracting nations to the use of clean energies.The coasts and seas of the Oman Sea a good opportunity to extract new energies.Considering the limitation and completion of fossil fuels Many countries today are considering using new energies.This paper analyzes the use of new and renewable energies on transportation system With the aim of applying it On the indicators of transportation systems.A case study of this research has been presented in Makran area.In this research, first investigate the types of renewable energies and their applications in transportation.Then, identify the effective and efficient parameters of transportation systems that renewable energy sources have the power to supply it . Then using the AHP hierarchical analysis Assessing renewable energies and the contribution and efficiency of each Indicators of transport impact are mentioned and Solar energy has the most effective performance in the Makran region And has high potential for high-quality transportation indicators. Applying research results and operating it, Certainly in upgrading various shipping modes Improving the efficiency of renewable energy in this area will be effective in the region. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_118117.html The purpose of this paper is to present a competitive pricing model for land transportation of rail-friendly goods. For this purpose, a set of qualitative and quantitative techniques has been used to achieve a valid and reliable model. Content analysis of interviews with experts were used to extract the variables for the model. The statistical population of the study included all experts and experts of the Ministry of Roads and Transportation as well as the Railway Company. Delphi technique was used to quantify the variables after determining the variables by interviewing because all the variables studied were qualitative variables and had to be converted into quantitative variables. After quantifying the variables, Shannon entropy method was used to weight the extracted variables. Then, using three-level game theory model in which people, government, and owners were considered as stakeholders, the profits of each factor were determined and influential parameters were determined using experiment design. Finally, the effect of each parameter was measured using T-test. The research findings showed that among the parameters considered, the price elasticity coefficient is influenced by the tendency of government to develop rail transport and tax benefits, while reducing rail freight costs affects only the owners' profits. Is. Other variables have no effect on the profit of the people, the government or the owners of the burden. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_118389.html The purpose of the present study was to analyze noise pollution inside airport lounges (Case study: Tehran Imam Khomeini Airport). Problems and challenges arising from the integration and performance of a number of land-use applications are complex issues. In this regard, applications such as airports can have a profound impact on the uses and activities around it. Undoubtedly the location and development of airports can have a wide and varied impact on the surrounding area, which is an unplanned development contrary to the principles of sustainable urban development.This study is a descriptive-survey based on the purpose of the study, using library studies. In this study, employees and senior managers of Imam Khomeini Airport and residents around the airport were selected as the statistical population. . The sample size in this study is 45 people according to the number of statistical population and according to Cochran formula. In this study, the results of the observations and questionnaires were analyzed by AHP method and then the data were analyzed by expert choice software.According to the results of paired comparisons and hierarchical analysis, it was found that in prioritizing, health index rank first (0.173), technical index rank second (0.155), social index factors rank third (130). (0) and last in economic index (0.109). The variables related to the economic index, including the devaluation and price of residential buildings, have the highest weight on this index, making it the last priority. Also, according to the matrix compatibility rate which should be less than 0.1, the obtained incompatibility rate (0.002) answers are acceptable and acceptable. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_119031.html AbstractRoad accidents and the resulting casualties are one of the main challenges of Iran in recent years, which has imposed great costs on the economy. In this regard, the western and northwestern provinces of the country, due to their special position, face many road casualties and damages. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify some economic factors affecting road accidents in the form of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), using panel data method in ten west and northwestern provinces of Iran during 2005-2017. The results indicate that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between per capita income and deaths due to road accidents in the studied provinces. In addition, the results show that improvements in medical equipment and increased investment in road infrastructure have a significant impact on reducing casualties due to road accidents in the provinces under study. Investing in medical equipment and infrastructure is effective in reducing road casualties. There is also a positive and significant relationship between fuel consumption and population with the rate of road casualties. In addition, road casualties decrease with increasing urbanization rates and increasing traffic culture. Codified planning, taking into account the impact of these factors, can have a significant effect on reducing losses and costs. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_119190.html Road accidents are one of the most important causes of mortality in Iran as severe road injuries, their financial, social and economic consequences threaten our society and the humanity as a whole. Rural road accidents compared to urban road accidents are more damaging and due to high speeds often result in very heavy casualties and financial loss. Road accidents are also the major cause of injuries in the world, and the findings of the World Health Organization show that rural road accidents represent 25% of losses worldwide. In this study, using accident data, we try to predict accidents caused by careless driving in certain area of the main corridors of Hamadan province (in IRAN). At first, the factors affecting the accidents were identified, and then we developed a road accident model using a negative binomial regression method based on the maximum probability approach. We made use of the traffic data and geometric design of 945 km of the Hamadan province road network in four axes of Hamadan-Malayer, Hamadan-Asadabad, Hamadan-Saveh and Hamadan-Kabodarahang(in IRAN) from 2012 to 2015. Out of 1145 accidents recorded in the study area, 980 accidents in accident black spots were randomly selected from a total of 534 accidents caused by careless driving and were selected for use in 97 segments in the model. As the final model was developed and verified by goodness of fit tests, we specified the data to be used in the model and outside the model. The results showed that the indicator of proximity to population centers has the most effect on accidents resulted from the carelessness, and factors such as the slope and curve, traffic crash time, length of segments and slopes are the next effective factors. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_119192.html This study investigates the competition between public transportation and private car. In this research, the game theory approach has been used to assess the competition between public transportation system and private car in traveling to the city center. Parking operator (for private cars) and public transport operator are considered as problem decision makers. The initial assumption is that the parking operator tends to maximize his own profits, while the public transport operator maximizes social welfare, which is a weighted sum of profit and consumer surplus. Parking operator and public transport operator determine their equilibrium prices. Travelers who are sensitive to fares, considering the utility of their trip, decide on the type of trip, and thus the amount of demand and the share of each mode is determined. In the same way, the effect of different policies on the public transit share has been studied and it is determined that cordon pricing policy and the two combined policies such as cordon pricing and increasing the subsidy, as well as cordon pricing and Providing bicycle facilities have the greatest impact on increasing the public transit share. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_120005.html Today the training has been known as a sustain compete advantage for increasing of knowledge and skills of human resource and due to the role and purpose of theses which is expected must have evaluated after holding. In this regard the purpose of this research is the evaluation of the training courses effectiveness on transportation drivers by Kirk Patrick's Model. This research in terms of purpose is practical, survey and correlation and the main instrument for gathering data is questionnaire and we use the Cochran formula and simple class random sampling method for selecting sample. Respectively for the transportation drivers are 260, customers 81, and Employees of the Highways Organization 55 sample and coefficient 0.80 of the Cronbach's alpha show that reliability is acceptable and we use Formal validity and expert opinion For studying validity. Research results illustrated that the hypothesis related to Reaction and learning levels is accepted and Behavioral and outcomes levels were rejected. At the end we present the suggestions, for instance the Using virtual training courses, Psychology teachers to improve psychological empowerment to Highways Organization, in addition to the theoretical suggestions were using mix method research methodology, Comparative studies with other organizations. The main limitations in this study were Lack of proper participation of learners and the complete of the questionnaire was time consuming because of the Dispersion of statistical population and Unavailability of samples. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_125331.html Modeling and estimating travel production and absorption are important issues in transportation planning.Numerous methods have been used to model travel production and absorption. The method used in this study is the spatial weight regression method, which can be said to be based on regression. And it also includes spatial data and geographic information, which means that each region has to be looked at given the geographic impact of that region . And one parameter in one area may have a large impact if the same parameter in another region has no effect on the model, just as a commercial complex in one area may have a different travel absorption rate than its similar commercial complex in another region. Zanjan's socioeconomic data were used in this study and the city was divided into 150 traffic areas and the trips were separated by the purpose of the trips. In this study, we have worked on a home based business model, and then using ARCGIS software we will come up with a model using spatial weight regression that will show more accurate and reliable results than general regression results. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_128704.html Estimating demand and forecasting future aviation trends can have long-term and sustained effects on the status of the aviation industry and the entities active in this industry. The gravity model is one of the most successful models explaining bilateral flows in international trade, transportation, marketing, migration, and other areas that somehow depend on two factors. Reviewing the existing literature on aviation demand and examining existing methods, shows that the gravity model is becoming one of the most important and most popular tools for evaluating air passenger and air cargo flows. This article addresses the challenges which are prevalent in estimating gravity models and also solutions to such challenges. The two main challenges associated with gravity model estimation are the problem of zero flow values and the heteroscedasticity problem which are almost present in any gravity model research. In the field of air transport, these challenges are also identified in determining the factors affecting air passenger/freight traffic. Issues such as aviation policies, macroeconomic indicators, distances effects, alternative modes of transportation, and presence of low-cost carriers and so on, are some of influential factors in this air traffic. The paper shows that among the methods available for estimating the gravity equation, the Poisson Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML) is the best and most optimal method that simultaneously considers the two challenges discussed above. Ultimately, the results of such analyses will be used at different levels of the industry and will result in the optimal use of facilities including aircraft, airports, services and more. Finally, since the air transport industry is a low-profit margin industry, the findings of such analyses can result in efficient allocation of resources at different levels and lead to optimal utilization of facilities such as airplanes, airports, services, etc. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_130223.html Today, road accidents are one of the problems of transportation systems and are the most unfortunate one. This highlights the importance of planning to prevent it. In this regard, the present study investigates modeling and planning to predict road traffic accidents using logistic regression. In this research, after identifying the factors affecting accidents, we predict the accidents using logistic regression for road-climate and temporal factors and then we test the fitting of the regression model. The findings indicated that the role of the factors affecting on the accident is highly dependent on the presence of other factors in the accident modeling and the role of each factor on the occurrence of the accident varies. therefore, in interpreting the effect of different parameters on accident occurrence , we should be aware of the role of parameters dependence. therefore, in interpreting the effect of different parameters on accident occurrence , we should be aware of the role of parameters dependence. The overall accuracy of the model was 0.984 for road-climate parameters and 0.97 for time parameters, both of which showed excellent fit. Also The time factor also indirectly affects the occurrence of road accidents by changing the factors affecting the accidents at different intervals. As another results of this study, we can refer to the effect of different factors on accidents in different directions due to their different nature. Finally, it can be deduced that predicting road accidents based on different factors can be effective to take road safety corrective measures. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_130535.html Many countries in the world, after the successful privatization of Japan's national railways in 1987, have undergone major changes to their railways development and utilization policies, so it was observed clear expansion of liberalization policies in the transport sector and the strengthening of the private sector's presence in infrastructure investment around the world in 1990. One of the main drivers of these developments was the pressure to reach the private sector's financial resources to solve the problems caused by government losses. The change in funding also created an opportunity for the rail industry to reorganize its railways in order to increase efficiency and create the right conditions for adopting these developments. After these years of privatization, the private sector is today the main actor in providing infrastructure and operational services. Governmental companies have been sold and the privilege of many of the world's railroads from Asia to the Americas has left the private sector. In many countries, policy makers and railway officials have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of vertical separation to determine if this performance is a satisfactory tool for improving the performance of railways or not. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_130919.html Evaluating the safety of the railway network as the fundamental part of the economy development reflects the safety of the entire transportation network of a country. One of the challenges threatening the railway safety is the railway tunnel conditions in terms of safe operating during operation period and analyzing the consequences of its hazards. Today, Bayesian networks are the most identified methods to graphically model the causes of accidents and their conditional probabilities. In order to develop a model that best matches the real condition of the railway tunnels risks, modeling process divided in to two sections; in the first section, the compromised causes that identified and concluded by the specialists scored according to their frequency of happening and the related network constructed. Second section joints the cause and consequence analysis of different scenarios offering remedial actions and concluding the final model based on severity degrees defined. Outcome of the model shows the high probability for water penetration in tunnels without permanent lining as the most important cause and the first degree of the accident severity according to the guideline as the most frequent consequence of the risks identified. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_132789.html One of the new challenges in the railway industry, which is accompanied by an increase in the speed of trains and axial loads on trains, is the reliable detection of errors by monitoring the condition of equipment and rail infrastructure. Until the 1990s, the industry relied on time or distance-based preventive care, which is not always cost-effective and prone to error. Surveillance monitoring systems equipped with wireless sensor networks inspect train infrastructures such as bridges, rails, route platforms and equipment such as chassis, boogie and wheels and wagons by sensors and, in the event of an error, Inform to the railway control center. In this project, the purpose of designing and constructing a data collection system by wireless sensor networks installed on freight wagons to identify the humidity status to check the infiltration of water into the wagons and the temperature to monitor the heat inside the wagons. Some of these sensor nodes, which include a microcontroller, sensor, wireless module and battery, are installed inside the wagon. The sensor signals are then analyzed by microprocessors on the sensor nodes, and the information obtained from each node is transmitted to the central node by wireless modules. The database is stored and displayed on line graphs that show the changes of each sensor in specific sensors nodes over time. With this train system, the train control center, the railway control center and especially the stakeholders of the goods can be informed about the health status of the wagon and the cargo. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_135876.html Given that green human resource management has received much attention in recent years, the use of green HRM solutions in productive industries in developing countries can improve organizations' cleaner production capabilities and use of HRM as a strategy for maintaining competition in production. Two dimensions of green human capital and green relational capital from the dimensions of green intellectual capital have a significant impact on green human resource management practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green intellectual capital on green human resource management (studied by Tehran Railway and Suburban Railway Company). This research is an applied purpose and a descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this study consists of all the official and operational staffs at the Tehran and Suburbs substations. Using Cochran formula, 368 people were selected as sample size. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Pearson correlation and structural equations were used to analyze the collected data. The results show that all aspects of green intellectual capital such as green human capital, green structural capital and green relational capital affect green human resource management. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_140183.html Satisfaction is an important concept that deserves further interest. From consumer research, satisfaction is known to be of great value in understanding customers’ perceptions and evaluations, repeatedly showing itself to be an important indicator of future customer behavior. Customer satisfaction, therefore, highlights and explains the link between what a company does (in terms of the products and services offered) and how its customers react. For public transport, this link is a key concern. In many countries, major investments are being made in public transport systems in order to make them more competitive with other means of transport, most notably private cars. New services are being developed and old ones are being improved. However, an increase in supply (qualitatively or quantitatively) will not automatically lead to a corresponding increase in demand and satisfaction. To make sure that investment really attracts the existing and potential customers expected, knowledge of satisfaction should provide policymakers and operational managers in the public transport system with valuable information. In particular, satisfaction studies can provide decision makers with information about what customers consider important, as well as information about how the existing public transport service is perceived as performing in these dimensions. In this study, the factors affecting people's satisfaction with public transportation (including metro and high-speed buses) in Tehran are investigated. Behavioral inclination theory has been used for this purpose. According to this theory, people's satisfaction is influenced by two factors: perceived value and quality of service. The results of structural equation model payment using 257 collected data show a direct and significant effect of both variables in both metro and high-speed buses. The results also show that in the metro, the quality of service has a greater effect on satisfaction than the perceived value. The opposite is true on high-speed buses. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_148860.html The impacts of COVID-19 on transport and related measures are being extensively studied. Given the various uncertainties and unknowns about the virus and its effects (especially long-term effects), it is important to understand the views and suggestions of experts in transport sector and other relevant sectors, including policy. However, so far there are no studies that can comprehensively fill this gap. This article is an executive summary of the findings whose questionnaire was designed by experts by reviewing existing studies and Delphi method. The experts include those in the fields of transportation, policy and other related fields which there is a good balance between geographical areas, place of work and duration of work among them. This study was conducted in March and April with 775 valid answers and analyzed with SPSS. The recent pandemic has significantly changed the face of transportation while highlighting the weaknesses of current transportation practices. This crisis provided a unique opportunity to redesign transport programs in a more sustainable and resilient way. This study investigates the impact of the prevalence of COVID-19 and its subsequent restrictive measures on people's travel habits and perceived risk. At the end, this article presents practical solutions in the form of a framework for public and private sector policymakers, as they navigate at a critical time and chart a new path for individuals and industry. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_148863.html Landing earlier or later than the specified time will cost each flight, and existing techniques do not measure time factors, so the cost of delay penalties is very high, while there are many techniques. In order to reduce this penalty, in this article, the ALP problem is investigated and then, with the help of an optimization function, a model to increase efficiency is presented. In general, the problem of sequencing tasks to determine the order of their execution on machines to reduce Or increase) is the criterion in question in optimizing the order of entry operations, both in regulations and in scientific journals. In the early stages of air traffic sequencing, feature-based inbound management and navigation are used to expand design horizons, enabling traffic surveillance in both take-off and landing modes. The aircraft landing sequence is centralized by examining parameters such as reducing apron and parking costs, minimizing latency and early arrival times, and minimizing fuel consumption costs. Finally, this paper intends to obtain a new way to improve the quality of scheduling programs and reduce their execution time by using theoretically validated algorithms and adapting them to the challenges of scheduling. Experimental experiments were performed on the data set of Mashhad Shahid Hasheminejad International Airport and showed that the main scheduling objectives can be better achieved with this method. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_149430.html Ports are important hubs connecting maritime transportation to other transportation modes. So, ports are considered important infrastructures for freight transportation, world trade, and the global economy. Consequently, optimizing port plans and operations will play a significant role in transportation costs and port revenues. Berth allocation and quay crane assignment are two problems whose optimal solution can affect freight transportation costs. This paper solves the berth allocation problem and the quay crane assignment problem by integratively modeling two meta-heuristic algorithms (genetics and restricted search). On the other hand, berth planning is in a disrupted environment, and unexpected events may occur during the plan's implementation and incur additional costs for the port or even prevent the implementation of the initial program; Therefore, the berth program must be recovered after the disruption. Recovery of the initial plan is usually made with two strategies: rescheduling and disruption management. This paper compares the two strategies of rescheduling and disruption management. The data from Shahid Rajaei port is used to evaluate the models and recovery strategies. The numerical results of this paper showing better performance for rescheduling strategies. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_161786.html Crack growth in asphalt concretes or bitumen is a major failure mode at low temperature conditions. However, the vast majority of fracture toughness studies for such materials have been mainly performed on asphalt mixtures and the crack growth analysis and fracture behavior of pure and neat bitumen has rarely been studied in the past. Therefore,Low temperature crack growth behavior of aged and un-aged asphalt binder with penetration grade of 30/40, 60/70 and SBS is investigated experimentally using a new and novel test configuration called inclined notched bend beam (INBB) specimen. A number of fracture toughness experiments were conducted on INBB specimens at two sub-zero temperatures (-15 & -25 oC) and and also on mode I, mode II and different mode I/II mixities. The tests is conducted on two different loading rates (10 & 50 mm/min) to ecaluate influence of each parameter on fracture toughness. It was observed that the fracture toughness of asphalt binder depends significantly on the ageing condition and the load bearing capacity of aged bitumen was up to 60% less than the corresponding fracture resistance of un-aged bitumen. Moreover, the effective fracture toughness was decreased by moving from mode I to mode II and also decreasing the test temperature. The obtained experimental results for both binder types were also evaluated theoretically using a stress based fracture criterion. Especially, at this reseaarch, it is used two important fracture mechanism criterias (GMTS & MTS) to predict frature toughness of binder in different modes. Also. it shows that GMTS can predict the fracture toughness and fracture angle more suitable that MTS. The reduction of mode II and mixed mode I/II fracture toughness values relative to the KIc was also predicted successfully by means of a well-known fracture condition. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_162889.html Public transport is considered as one of the criteria of development assessments of a country. Intracity rail transport (subway), one of public transport subcategories, plays a significant role in this assessment. According to the country’s needs and moving toward development, developing local capability for designing and creating products related to subway industry as a complex product is an issue that we must focus on. Complex products are of advanced technology and manufactured in advanced companies. Investment in production of such capital goods is considered as one of the significant indications of the strength of national economy. As these products considerably require capital and time, well-managed localization through technology learning must occur. In this paper, technology learning path and carried out attempts in national subway train were investigated based on phenomenological strategy. After reviewing evidence, field and literature studies and information of project management necessities and technology learning, the data was gathered through open interviews with high level managers of stockholder companies in subway projects and was analyzed with a critical view in form of a grounded theory roadmap through coding – open coding including basic, primary and categorization, and finally blocking and axial coding) by MAXQDA 2020 software. As each main supplier has a different way of learning and using the acquired technology, integration management is required to be taught and developed like engineering sciences. Technology ownership is one of the contractual voids in project implementation and implementing national subway train project led to localization and realization of goals such as national development, an increase in employment, a decrease in building costs, and an increase in localization share using abilities of local manufacturers’ knowledge and abilities. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_181359.html The continuous improvement of service quality guarantees the survival and progress of service organizations in the field of competition and requires providing practical solutions to carry out improvement actions. In this paper, a method for continuous service quality improvement with the approach of prioritizing corrective actions in the service quality improvement process is presented. In the proposed method, first, a list of criteria was identified with the help of the Delphi method using the Servqual model, library studies, and expert group opinions, then, a method for prioritizing the criteria by considering the resource limitation in the type-2 fuzzy environment was introduced. In this process, a forecasting method was defined to obtain information in each time period, which makes it possible to carry out a continuous improvement program based on the prioritization of corrective actions in each time period. After introducing the research conceptual model, the prioritization of actions for continuous improvement of Shahrekord bus service quality was studied, and based on that, corrective actions were taken in each time period, which increased the improvement process of service quality criteria during different time periods. The results of the integration of information from different periods of time showed that the criterion of movement information in the station has the highest priority and passenger density in the station is at the lowest level of priority. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_181365.html In this research, the state space method has been used to model traffic accidents. This model, which has both a black box section and through the acquisition of basic knowledge, parameters have been estimated. This study deals with the identification of a single input single output state space system. Modeling in state space was used in order to meet stricter restrictions on the performance of control systems, increasing complexity and ease of access to computers. The simple modeling of the complex nonlinear system of traffic accidents was one of the achievements of this method and this study. One of the advantages of this method is that it is possible to introduce a basic knowledge of the system to the model in order to increase the speed of convergence and access to the desired results. The output of the error rate shows that the error increased a little at first, but with the increase of the data, the error starts to decrease and tends to zero. Previous models by various researchers have generally dealt with black box identification methods, which, due to the lack of basic knowledge in these cases, will prolong the data processing time and not achieve proper accuracy. The presented method can predict the probability of traffic accidents with higher accuracy in a shorter period of time, so that the application of the model is more attractive for decision makers in the field of driving safety. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_186012.html The vehicle routing problem is one of the most important optimization problems. Routing issues refer to a set of issues in which a number of concentrated vehicles are stationed at one or more bars and must visit a set of customers, each of whom has a certain demand, and provide services. The purpose of this study is to provide a routing and scheduling model of the transportation system for long routes. For this purpose, after studying the sources and references related to the design of integrated distribution systems, the investigated problem was modeled in the form of mixed integer nonlinear programming considering the limitations and assumptions. After the exact solution of the model, and due to the problem being NP-hard, two meta-heuristic algorithms of harmony search and refrigeration simulation algorithm were used to solve the problem in large dimensions. It should be noted that the four criteria of cost, carbon dioxide gas emission, start-up time and level were evaluated, and the results indicated the high performance of the refrigeration simulation algorithm compared to the search for harmony. Specifically, to solve the model in large dimensions, it was found that the refrigeration simulation algorithm with a 2% improvement compared to the harmony search algorithm has reduced the costs of the chain. On the other hand, in the cargo transfer time, the refrigeration simulation algorithm has transferred the products between the factory and the customer with an average time of 90.227 minutes compared to the Harmony search algorithm by 2%. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_194418.html Travel demand predicting models are one of the widely used models that are used by researchers all over the world, and in these models, people's socio-economic characteristics are used as input to the model, and these characteristics were collected through various statistical methods. With the growth of the passenger population, population-based big data is widely used in transportation planning, and traditional methods are not effective for collecting socio-economic characteristics of people. Therefore, the researchers decided to obtain these parameters by using the pattern of trips that people have already made. In this study, with the help of artificial intelligence models and especially deep learning models, it has been tried to extract these features from the travel patterns of people. The LSTM model is one of the powerful models used to remember past events. Age, income and gender are the most important inputs of travel demand predicting models. Different age, gender and income groups may have specific travel behavior preferences, which are tried to be discovered by examining their travel behaviors. One of the important sources for determining people's travel patterns is mobile phone data that shows their daily movements. Due to the unavailability of travelers' mobile phone data, the NHTS National Household Travel Survey survey data set was used in this research. Using the obtained results, with the help of mobile phone data of passengers, their socio-economic characteristics are obtained for use in travel demand models. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_198221.html In this research, an attempt was made to obtain a model for the direct estimation of household urban public transportation demand according to the national household travel monitoring data. In this research, first, the variable that obtained the highest significance levels in the previous studies is entered into the model as the first input, and then the next variable is entered into the model as in the previous method, and its significance levels in the first variable presence. It is measured. The significance levels of the first variable are also measured. Next, each variable is entered into the model in the same way, and first, the significance levels of the entered variable are measured along with other variables, and then the significance levels of the previous variables are measured in the presence of the new variable. Results showed that there is a positive correlation between the household’s number and the demand for public transportation. There is no significant difference in public transport demand in two variable conditions of the public transport vehicles, therefore the percentage of public transport vehicles cannot affect public transport demand. With the help of the step-by-step method, the significance level of each variable was obtained along with the other variable, and the direction of its effect was also found in this direction. The adjusted coefficient of determination was equal to 0.892. According to the F-statistic, which is equal to and its significance level is 0.003, it can be seen that the model has the necessary accuracy. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_206601.html One of the management measures during the evacuation crisis is the purpose of this study to achieve useful findings in setting traffic signals for evacuation and thus help traffic engineers in creating appropriate evacuation signal schedules. In this research, firstly, new studies and methods and previous methods in this field are examined. Then various signal timing programs and suggested values that have been previously proposed or implemented as part of evacuation programs are tested. The main goal is to find a suitable method with the best schedule for intersection signals. The discharge route is presented and modeled in CORSIM. The proposed signal scheduling programs have been tested on the studied network under several discharge scenarios. The results show that when the cycle length exceeds 180 seconds in the case of midnight full-scale evacuation, the percentage of vehicles with delays on secondary roads of more than 15 minutes can increase significantly. Similar results when the cycle length reaches more than 240 seconds in the case of peak hour from full-scale evacuation, in both cases, drivers have long delays. Traffic accidents and roadside parking can significantly affect the performance of the proposed signal timing programs. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_209483.html The aim of this research is to reduce transportation costs and times using an advanced optimization model based on the cuckoo search algorithm. In the present study, a mathematical model is presented to optimize this process, in which costs and times (including the cost of time value) were considered as key variables. Data on the transportation network, including routes, vehicles, transportation costs, interest rates, and transit times, are collected from various sources. This model includes an objective function that seeks to minimize costs and transportation time in the supply chain. The cuckoo search algorithm has been chosen to solve this model due to its high capability in searching for optimal solutions in complex and multifaceted problems. In this step, various parameters of the model, including interest rate, vehicle speed, and route capacity were considered. The results showed that this model was able to achieve the best route and method of transportation in this corridor by significantly reducing transportation costs and times (10-20%). Therefore, it includes 1916 kilometers in length and 57 hours of time, and it costs about 38 cents per kilometer of travel. In this optimal route, 57% of the rail transportation route and 43% of the road transportation were used, and also a sensitivity analysis was performed to changes in transportation speed, interest rate, and other key parameters, which confirmed the stability and flexibility of the model. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_212264.html Public bus organizations in major cities around the world often outsource bus routes to private sectors through competitive tendering, with the goal of increasing efficiency and reducing operational costs. A key issue for decision-makers in this context is determining the optimal arrangement of routes in bid packages. This paper proposes a model for optimal packaging of bus routes, considering key indicators such as package size, package revenue, and the geographical proximity of routes. The proposed solution method is based on a genetic algorithm, which utilizes heuristic techniques and can be implemented in large-scale networks. The model and method were tested on the city of Tehran, involving 156 bus routes and 14 existing packages under two different scenarios. In the first scenario, the number of packages remained the same as the current situation, but the arrangement of routes within the packages was optimized. As a result, revenue deviation between the proposed packages was reduced by 29%. In the second scenario, the optimal packaging was determined without considering the current number of packages, which resulted in the introduction of 10 optimized packages. The results showed that revenue deviation between packages was approximately 62% lower than the current situation. Furthermore, the routes within the packages exhibited significant improvement in terms of geographical proximity, leading to reduced operational costs and subsequently lower bid prices in the tender process. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_214634.html Destination choice models are a crucial subset of the activity-based approach to travel modeling. In this approach, modeling is performed continuously, using the results of previous models in subsequent ones. For estimating destination choice models, it is necessary first to estimate the mode choice model and then incorporate its effect on individuals' destination choices. Moreover, a significant challenge in estimating destination choice models is the large number of available options (zones). When estimating these models using discrete choice models, typically formulated as logit models, the computational time increases significantly, or it may even become infeasible. Therefore, it is necessary first to select a city from among all cities as a choice set, and then predict the target zone within the chosen city. This hierarchical selection method is referred to as a choice set. For this purpose, a neural network model was implemented to analyze the data and predict the destination choice. The accuracy of these models was 73% for the city level and 23% for the zone level. This indicates that the neural network model demonstrated a considerable improvement in predictive power compared to the multinomial logit model in destination choice modeling. These models were applied to data from Washington, D.C., and the results suggest that estimating destination choice using a neural network has shown improved predictive performance in discrete choice modeling. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_214635.html The resilience of metro networks against natural and human-made disruptions is a critical aspect in enhancing the operational efficiency and sustainability of urban transportation infrastructures, as these networks play a vital role in the economic and social development of cities. This study presents a multi-period optimization model aimed at maximizing the resilience of metro networks by strategically scheduling construction and recovery phases. Unlike traditional network design models, this approach prioritizes construction and recovery projects to maintain and enhance network functionality and resilience throughout various implementation phases and post-disruption periods. The proposed model is designed to incorporate multiple financial and operational constraints within decision-making processes for project scheduling and budget allocation. The study simulates three hypothetical metro networks of varying scales to evaluate the model’s effectiveness, analyzing the impact of budget increases, operational limitations, and construction sequencing on overall resilience and network efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimization model significantly enhances recovery and mitigates vulnerability to disruptions, suggesting its potential as a practical tool for urban planners and policymakers in designing and restoring metro networks. Additionally, findings highlight the importance of optimal resource allocation and precise project scheduling in achieving long-term resilience and operational efficiency in urban transportation networks. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_214636.html Emergency conditions following an earthquake led to increased traffic congestion, blocked intersections, delays at signalized junctions, and damage to structures, especially high-rise buildings, which create obstacles on urban streets. This research investigates predictable scenarios arising from such emergency conditions with a focus on their impact on relief performance. The study addresses relief routing between supply and demand points based on travel time and distance as objective functions, examining different levels of traffic service in normal conditions, removal of directional constraints, and the presence of absolute or traversable obstacles with delays. Travel times for network links were calculated using a travel time-traffic flow relationship, while travel distances were based on link lengths. The scenarios were implemented using Dijkstra's algorithm within a GIS environment, employing network analysis tools and the origin-destination cost matrix capability to simulate various relief scenarios under emergency conditions. Variations in service levels showed that while travel distance remained constant across scenarios and objectives, travel time increased by 6% to 24%. Removing directional constraints reduced travel distance by 45% to 68% and travel time by 32% to 63%, whereas absolute obstacles with no travers ability led to increases of 110% in travel distance and at least 83% in travel time. The travel time objective under scenarios with traversable but delayed obstacles yielded better results, showing increases of 14% in distance and 7% in travel time relative to normal conditions. A comparison of objective values for relief vehicle routing under emergency conditions indicated the superiority of minimizing travel time over travel distance. The findings of this model can inform the development of emergency management policies at urban decision-making levels. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_218753.html The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in January 2020, affected the entire world, with significant impacts on both micro and macro economies, as well as businesses. One of the critical sectors heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic was supply chains, particularly food supply chains. The present study aimed to identify the risks in the food supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted in this field, and due to the scarcity of research in this area, innovative insights could be extracted. To achieve appropriate results, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. In the qualitative section, risks were extracted using expert opinions and research literature, and then, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the risks most relevant to the research topic were selected as the final risks. In the quantitative section, the extracted risks were analyzed using three techniques: FMEA, fuzzy inference, and data envelopment analysis, coded in MATLAB software, and finally ranked. The results of these approaches showed that the most significant risks were production disruptions, the bullwhip effect on all operations in the supply chain, threats to workforce health and safety, reduction in low-consumption and green resources, and changes in consumer behavior. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_221695.html Accompanying children on the way to school can have a direct impact on the public transportation safety, urban traffic, and scheduling of other family members' activities. Accompaniment of working parents with children on the way to school is highly dependent on the scheduling of work activities and time constraints of each individual, modeling these patterns requires identifying effective parameters and a detailed analysis of the daily activities of working parents and children. Therefore, in this study, using economic and social parameters, the start time of children's work and school trips is evaluated using a multiple logit model in the time period from 6 to 9 am. Then, using the output of the model, the start time of work and school trips is predicted using a multiple logit model. In the model of the start time of work and school trips of working parents and children, the model has reached accuracies of 0.27, 0.32, and 0.14, respectively, which is a suitable value according to previous research. In the model of starting work and school trips, the variables of having a child aged 6 to 15, distance, number of family members, income, having a private car, and being employed full-time were found to be effective. Also, in the model of accompanying and not accompanying people in school trips, the variables of having a fixed job, number of children in the family, distance to school for children under 6 years old, income, and having a private car were found to be effective. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_222366.html The development of public transportation and the promotion of non-motorized methods (e.g. biking and walking modes) are important factors in moving cities towards sustainable transportation. Despite all positive impacts that public transportation has on various dimensions of transportation sustainability, some of its drawbacks are fuel and energy consumption, pollution emission, the initial investment and the maintenance costs. Thus, the need to express the development of public transportation in a quantitative sense, while meeting the travel demand also maximizes the positive effects of this mode of transportation on various aspects of transportation sustainability and minimizes its negative effects. The goal of this research is to estimate the optimum public transit share according to the socio-economic characteristics to improve transportation sustainability indices. For this purpose, cities with the highest transportation sustainability index were identified and then the relationship between the socio-economic characteristics and the share of their public transportation was investigated using the regression analysis. Then, the developed model was implemented to find the optimum public transit share in some Iranian cities based on their socio-economic characteristics. The results indicated that the optimal shares estimated in those cities using the developed model were far away from what was planned in their transportation master plans. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_224372.html With the significant increase in population in urban areas and the continuous growth in the use of vehicles, traffic infrastructure is more in need of enhancement and revision than ever before to improve safety levels. In this regard, urban intersections, as one of the most sensitive and congested parts of the urban transportation network, play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and smooth movement of both vehicles and pedestrians. Due to the concentration of high traffic volumes, these points are more prone to conflicts, reduced safety levels, and the occurrence of risky traffic behaviors compared to other parts of the network. The increase in traffic volume in these areas can further create conditions conducive to accidents and unsafe situations. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing the safety of these intersections is essential for enhancing the quality of urban transportation services. In this study, data related to the geometric and traffic characteristics of seven signalized urban intersections were collected and analyzed. To obtain accurate information, aerial imaging techniques were used to record video footage at each of these intersections. The recorded images were then analyzed using image processing software. Additionally, the number of critical conflicts and post-encroachment time (PET) events at these intersections were calculated. A total of 20,412 events were considered for this traffic indicator. The results of statistical analysis, obtained using a multiple linear regression model, show that an increase of one unit in traffic volume can lead to a 1.6% increase in the number of critical conflicts. Furthermore, the analyses indicate that an increase of one meter in the average entrance width of intersections can increase the number of critical conflicts by approximately 11 to 16%. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_224373.html Incoterms, as the global standard for defining responsibilities and obligations related to the transportation and delivery of goods in international trade, play a fundamental role. This set of rules clearly specifies the responsibilities of sellers and buyers at each stage of the goods transportation process, including cost allocation, risk management, and the preparation of documents related to goods delivery. Each new version of Incoterms is updated and revised in response to the growing needs of global trade and the complexities of supply chains. This paper comprehensively examines the key changes introduced in the principles of Incoterms from the earlier versions to the latest one, Incoterms 2020, and provides a thorough comparison of the differences between Incoterms 2010 and 2020. With a particular focus on the significant changes in these two versions, the paper analyzes aspects such as amendments to delivery terms, changes in insurance responsibilities for sellers and buyers, and the emphasis on safety and security requirements. The aim of this paper is to clarify the strengths and weaknesses of each version of Incoterms and to assess the impact of these changes on global trade, particularly in the field of logistics and international transportation. Changes such as the replacement of terms, increased insurance responsibilities under specific conditions, and greater emphasis on safety and security requirements to facilitate trade and reduce risks associated with goods delivery are among the key points discussed in this paper. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_226715.html Abstract Background and Objective: Motorcycles, as one of the main vehicles developing countries, especially in metropolitan areas, play important role in transportation. However, high number of accidents, traffic violations, and risky behaviors of motorcyclists indicate a weakness civic ethics and social responsibility. On the other hand, the easy motorcycle license scheme implemented aim of reducingadministrative burden increasing access to licenses, but there are concerns about the impact of these schemes on reducing essential training and weakening traffic culture. The main objective of the study is to explain the relationship between the easy motorcycle license scheme and the civic ethics of motorcyclists. Method: study applied in terms of its purpose and is a descriptive correlational method. The statistical population included all motorcycle license recipients in the Asan program in Tehran who succeeded in obtaining a motorcycle license in the Asan program in 1403. sample size was based on simple random sampling and Salehi's standard questionnaire on civic ethics for motorcycle riders (2012) was used as a data collection tool. Kolmogorov's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression were used to analyze the data using SPSS22 statistical software. Findings: Based on research findings and data analysis, the greatest impact of easy motorcycle license scheme on civic ethics of motorcyclists is on component of respecting the rights of others with a value of 0.684, then responsibility with a value of 0.663, then order with a value of 0.655, then a sense of altruism with a value of 0.621, and finally the ecologically safe component with a value of 0.607. Results: The easy motorcycle license scheme can lead to the promotion of civic ethics combining education, intelligent supervision, and behavioral incentives instead of reducing discipline. key to success is the combination of the three elements of ease issuing, strictness in supervision, and continuous culture building https://www.trijournal.ir/article_228665.html The incorporation of novel materials in the pavement construction is essential for mitigating the initiation and propagation of early-age distresses as well as optimizing the costs of users. Plastic shrinkage cracking is a prevalent form of early damage in concrete pavements, significantly affecting durability. Present study investigates the changes in the severity of plastic shrinkage cracking distress in concrete pavements influenced by the addition of concrete viscosity modifier agent (VMA) and micro synthetic polypropylene fibers using microscopic image analysis. In this regard the average width, length, and area of plastic shrinkage cracking were evaluated according to the ASTM C1579 standard method. The results showed that the fibers and VMA material have a significant effect on cracking behavior. The fibers led to a decrease in the average width, length, and area of cracks by a maximum of 50%, 37%, and 6%, respectively. However, the VMA material increased the average width, length, and area of cracks by a maximum of 11%, 11%, and 17%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the average width, length and area of cracks occurred in the concrete mixture containing both materials, by 47%, 33% and 60%, respectively. The fibers caused more transverse changes, but the VMA material caused similar transverse and longitudinal changes. In the concrete mixture with lower fiber amounts (455 g/m3) and different VMA materials, the transverse and longitudinal changes were similar, but in higher fiber amounts (910 g/m3) and different VMA materials, the effect of fibers dominated the transverse and longitudinal changes of cracking, and transverse changes occurred more than longitudinal changes. These findings contribute to a more optimized design of concrete mixtures for enhanced resistance to early-age cracking in pavement applications. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_230025.html In recent years, the rapid increase in the number of vehicles has led to widespread traffic problems. Accurate prediction of traffic flow can help reduce congestion, optimize transportation infrastructure, enhance travel safety, and mitigate environmental impacts. This study aimed to predict the traffic volume for the next hour on the Karaj-Chalus axis, one of Iran’s busiest roads with complex weather and topographic conditions. To this end, traffic data from two traffic counters and synoptic weather data (with three-hour intervals) were collected. Given the capability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in extracting hidden features and spatial-temporal patterns, as well as the efficiency of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks in modeling time series, a hybrid Conv-LSTM model was proposed. This model, leveraging the strengths of both approaches, was designed for accurate traffic volume prediction. The proposed model was implemented in the Python programming language and compared with an Attention-based Long Short-Term Memory (A-LSTM) model. Evaluation results showed that the Conv-LSTM model achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) of 82.45% on the test dataset, outperforming the A-LSTM model with an R² of 81.93%. Additionally, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), which indicate the discrepancy between predicted and actual values, were reported as 14.311 and 120 for Conv-LSTM, and 14.740 and 122 for A-LSTM, respectively. These values indicate lower dispersion and higher prediction accuracy for Conv-LSTM compared to A-LSTM. The application of the proposed model in predicting traffic volume on the Karaj-Chalus axis provides valuable insights for identifying congested routes, redistributing traffic, preventing accidents, dynamic route planning, and optimizing travel time management. Furthermore, this approach contributes to improved environmental sustainability and transportation efficiency by reducing fuel consumption and air pollution. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_230501.html With the rapid growth of urbanization and technological advancement in recent years, the demand for transportation in people's work and daily life has increased. In this context, a number of issues such as urban traffic congestion, energy consumption and environmental pollution have become increasingly severe. As a result, huge social, economic and environmental resources have been put under pressure on the development of urban transportation. In other words, transportation issues and problems such as environmental pollution, depletion of energy resources, increased material and moral damages resulting from accidents and incidents, problems of supervision and management in urban transportation, increased wasted time, and the rapid growth of transportation demand, especially during peak hours, have become a serious problem in the world's megacities.The development of urban transportation is one of the most important issues in solving the problems. and urban traffic problems. The existence of smooth and safe transportation is one of the most basic infrastructures necessary for the development of industries and increasing the level of social welfare of each country. The transportation framework, by creating the ability to transport people and products smoothly, especially with the possibility of managing traffic congestion, providing up-to-date information and timely data from open transportation customers, and creating green methods, has been entrusted to such a smart city, which is one of the most essential needs of every society, in addition to economic and social development, is the development of the transportation industry and improving the efficiency and optimal management of transportation systems. Also, in economics, the set of services that cause the transfer and movement of production resources has economic value and is considered part of the production flow.Transportation also creates added value in the process of distributing goods and services. The transportation system has a special place in policymaking and investment in countries https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231251.html Abstract Transportation, as one of the fundamental pillars of economic growth and development in countries, plays a vital role in the resilience of the economy. Investment in transportation infrastructure increases the Gross National Product (GNP) and enhances the country's economic growth. This research aims to examine the impact of non-governmental investment in transportation infrastructure on economic growth using the Crowdfunding method and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the effect of non-governmental investment in transportation infrastructure on the country's economic growth through Crowdfunding. This research is descriptive-analytical and applied in nature, employing the ARDL model as its research methodology. For data analysis, relevant statistical methods and the software Matlab.V2024 have been used. Additionally, regression, stationarity, and correlation tests between variables were conducted. The results show that the labor force variable in the overall economy equals 0.01, which is less than 0.05. This result indicates a significant relationship between the variables studied. Furthermore, the coefficient of the labor force variable is 0.98, indicating a strong positive relationship between investment in transportation and employment. The t-statistic value is 2.51, which falls in the region of rejecting the null hypothesis, suggesting a significant effect of the independent variable (investment) on the dependent variable (employment and income). The findings indicate that Crowdfunding investment in the transportation sector has a positive and significant impact on economic growth (GNP) in both the short and long term. This investment can significantly increase labor productivity and specialized production. Based on the findings, increasing investment in transportation infrastructure through Crowdfunding is recommended, as it positively impacts the country's economic growth and can strengthen economic connections and reduce costs. Keywords: investment, transportation infrastructure, Crowdfunding, economic growth and development. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231254.html This study examines the impact of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) on social equity and improved accessibility for vulnerable groups, including individuals with disabilities, children, and the elderly, in Tehran. Three primary indicators—accessibility, cost, and satisfaction with the distribution of transportation services—were selected as evaluation criteria. Data collected from 823 participants were analyzed using logistic regression models. The results indicate that SAVs have contributed to reducing inequalities and enhancing transportation access for specific groups. Satisfaction levels regarding transportation accessibility increased from 40% to 68%, reflecting a 28% improvement in access quality for mobility-impaired individuals. Furthermore, satisfaction with the shared travel cost rose from 35% to 56%, indicating a reduction in economic burden on low-income groups. Satisfaction with the distribution of transportation services improved from 28.5% to 49%, and overall perception of social equity increased from 36.5% to 54%. These findings suggest that shared autonomous vehicles can play a pivotal role in promoting social equity, narrowing geographic disparities, and fostering sustainable urban transportation development. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_231999.html Timely application of slurry seal is one of the effective methods for preventive maintenance and preservation of asphalt pavement on roads and airport runways. With growing environmental concerns and the declining availability of natural resources, the utilization of industrial waste materials in road construction projects has become an essential necessity. In this context, the present study evaluates the feasibility of using ferro-phosphorus powder (FPP) as a filler in slurry seal mixtures, comparing its performance with fillers derived from natural aggregates. Initially, the physical and chemical characteristics of the aggregates and FPP were analyzed. Subsequently, five slurry seal mixtures containing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% FPP as a replacement for natural filler were prepared and tested. Wet cohesion test, wet track abrasion test (WTAT), loaded wheel test (LWT)–sand adhesion, and LWT–displacement tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D3910 to evaluate the technical characteristics of the mixtures. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed to determine the effect of FPP on slurry seal performance, and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was applied to assess environmental impacts. The results indicated that the mixture containing 45% FPP exhibited the optimal performance: increasing cohesion by 30%, reducing moisture susceptibility by 36%, reducing bleeding by 50.4%, and decreasing vertical displacement under traffic loading by 29.7% compared to the control sample. The statistical analysis confirmed that FPP had a significant effect on performance indicators, with P-values revealing its strong influence on improving cohesion and resistance to deformation. Moreover, the TCLP test confirmed the environmental safety of all FPP-containing mixtures, as heavy metal leaching levels in all samples were below permissible limits. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_232000.html Background: Speeding violations are a primary cause of accidents on highways, leading to significant human, economic, and social consequences. While numerous studies have explored the prediction of traffic violations and accidents, few have focused on hourly violation counts using hybrid deep learning architectures. Methods: This study introduces a novel hybrid deep learning model combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to predict the hourly number of speeding violations. The model was developed using hourly traffic data, including variables such as vehicle count, average speed, distance violations, and violation occurrence times. Following preprocessing, the dataset was divided into 70% training, 15% validation, and 15% testing sets. A 5-fold cross-validation approach was employed to assess model performance. Results: The cross-validation results demonstrated satisfactory performance in predicting speeding violations. During training, RMSE values ranged from 69.05 to 201.5, with the first fold showing anomalous performance; the remaining folds exhibited better results, with R² values between 0.68 and 0.85 and KGE values between 0.67 and 0.83. In the testing phase, average RMSE, R², and KGE were 89.4, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively, closely aligning with training phase averages, indicating robust model performance. In the validation phase, the model achieved an RMSE of 88.4, R² of 0.76, and KGE of 0.79. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid deep learning model effectively identifies high-risk locations for speeding violations with improved accuracy and speed, facilitating optimized resource allocation and enhanced road safety. Future studies are recommended to integrate weather condition data to further improve prediction accuracy. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_233266.html Maritime transit plays an important role in global trade, and Iran has a high capacity to develop this area due to its strategic location. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method, has examined the indicators affecting maritime transit in the Eastern axis. The results show that all indicators are in a favorable state, and the indicators of "transit cost", "speed of goods transit process", "port network", "quay length", "multimodal connectivity", "goods attraction marketing", "infrastructure factors", "political and international factors", "inflation rate", and "warehouse area" with the highest scores were ranked first to tenth as the most important indicators in the maritime transit process. Also, transit cost was identified as the main challenge. To improve this area, emphasis has been placed on reducing costs, upgrading infrastructure, increasing speed, and strengthening security. The research results show that indicators related to resource and waste management have a lesser impact on the transit process, but still need to be improved. In this regard, investment in modern transportation technologies and port development can have a significant impact on increasing productivity. In addition, international cooperation and inter-sectoral interactions can facilitate the transit process and increase Iran's competitiveness in global markets. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_233267.html Tehran, as a major metropolitan city, faces significant challenges in urban governance—particularly in the field of transportation management—such as excessive centralization, lack of transparency, and limited citizen participation. This study aims to design policy measures that strengthen technologically enabled participatory governance by leveraging the potential of emerging urban technologies, including intelligent traffic systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and open data platforms. The research employs a descriptive–analytical and qualitative approach, utilizing policy analysis and thematic analysis frameworks to examine the current situation, identify institutional and technological barriers, and formulate alternative policy options. Findings reveal that the inefficiency of current governance mechanisms stems from weaknesses in open-data infrastructure, a control-oriented perception of technology, institutional fragmentation, and the absence of technology-based accountability systems. To address these challenges, four key policy actions are proposed: (1) developing a comprehensive open data framework; (2) designing a digital participation platform; (3) fostering technological collaboration with civil society organizations; and (4) establishing a transparent, technology-driven accountability system. Based on a multi-criteria evaluation, these policies are found to be feasible, socially effective, and institutionally acceptable. The study concludes that transitioning toward technologically participatory governance in Tehran requires institutional reforms, enhancement of public digital literacy, and a paradigm shift from technology for control to technology for engagement. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_233782.html Earthquake is one the natural disasters that historically cause a lot of damages to Earth’s inhabitants. This issues caused always human looking for decrease the effects of this sudden shake of nature; movement on earth that happen unpredictably without any warning and sign. An accident that haven’t any way to stop it; but the thing that keep humans from this natural disaster is their power of planning ‘thinking and prediction. This research is practical and type of research also in descriptive analytical and the method of information gathering also is desk research ‘documentary and scale factor. In the current study for review efficiency of passage system during an earthquake ' at first by choosing 5main effective standard on vulnerability of land use against earth quake (road width standard _user quality _numbers of floor _ access to relief centers) and review the effects of each of standard on region 5 of Kerman city (historical fabric) near reviewing the degree of importance of the standard using the AHP method and Export choice software. Then with the obtained weights and apply those weights on available maps of area and at the end by merger all layers; final map of vulnerability level was investigated that review results shown the width of the passage considered most important standard. In the investigation of region 5 of Kerman reviewing results shown that the width of the passage is in an inconvenient. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_233803.html The present study seeks to develop an optimization algorithm and provide a solution for urban redesign with the aim of optimizing the land use pattern for access to health services based on the criteria of the 15-minute city. In this regard, after evaluating the current land use pattern in Tehran's 22nd district, areas that were not covered by any health centers based on the goals of the 15-minute city were identified. Based on the results of this analysis, there is a need to establish a new health center for areas that are not yet covered by any health center based on the definitions of the 15-minute city or are covered by more than one center at the same time. Subsequently, the pattern of access to health services in Tehran's 22nd district was optimized using the Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO). The optimization included changing the spatial pattern of health centers with the least amount of displacement, without increasing health centers, and the greatest increase in the level of service coverage, which were calculated using the health service coverage index. Comparing the calculated values for the health service coverage index in the current model (0.53) and the optimal model (0.80) shows that in the optimized model, there is an increase in the level of access to services of about 51 percent compared to the current model. This increase indicates the appropriate performance of the ant colony algorithm in improving the access pattern to health services. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_234311.html The stability of underground structures is a complex and difficult issue due to changes in rock and soil types, geological structure, regional stress conditions, excavation stages, and the creation of underground space from one location to another. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the stability status of the structure in question by using different stability analysis methods, comparing the results obtained from them, and also using appropriate engineering judgment. The purpose of this research is to analyze the stability of Tunnel A of Qom Metro under the influence of static and dynamic loads. For this purpose, the studied environment has been modeled using Plaxis finite element software and using the plane strain theory with 15-node elements. By performing the geotechnical study of the area and considering the desired tunnel cross-section, it was possible to change the structural characteristics as well as the seismic environment. The results show that by increasing the thickness of the initial tunnel lining, the applied displacements decreased by 0.5% and the applied forces increased. It should be noted that by increasing the thickness of the tunnel lining from 20 cm to 35 cm, the tunnel floor has been decreased by about 100%, but this difference is less in other studied points. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_235129.html Run-off-road (ROR) incidents on curves, as one of the most accident-prone locations on roads, have always attracted special attention. Centrifugal force exerted on vehicles and human error are considered two fundamental factors in accident occurrence in these areas, ultimately leading to vehicle rollover or skidding. Rollover and skidding of SUV vehicles are among the critical parameters in the issue of vehicle deviation on curves, and according to accident statistics, they are associated with significant human and financial losses.The importance of enhancing safety on downgrades is amplified, especially on mountainous routes, due to the potential combination of horizontal curves with vertical alignments and/or their combination with so-called steep grades. The AASHTO guideline, as the most reputable road design manual, uses the "point mass model" to define vehicle behavior when traversing curves. This, in effect, means excluding the principles of physics and mechanical engineering from road design, which consequently leads to reduced safety. One of the fundamental limitations of the point mass model is its disregard for the differential force distribution on the vehicle's various wheels and axles. The final results of this research indicate reduced safety on curves and bends with steep foreslopes (1:3 and 1:4). To address this issue, the present study provides new relationships for use in road design. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_236105.html The rapid growth of urbanization and the rising demand for fast delivery services have challenged traditional distribution systems, leading to traffic congestion, increased costs, and environmental pollution. Problem definition: In this context, the use of quadcopters as an innovative tool for optimizing the distribution process has been proposed; however, technical, environmental, and regulatory limitations remain major obstacles to their practical deployment. Significance: Optimizing distribution with quadcopters can not only reduce pressure on road transport networks but also play a vital role in enhancing service quality and achieving smart cities. This study aims to design and develop a metaheuristic algorithm for optimizing quadcopter flight paths in District 1 of Tehran Municipality. Spatial data—including street networks, no-fly zones, distribution centers, and order locations—were collected and organized in a GIS environment. Three algorithms—Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)—were implemented and simulated in MATLAB. The results indicate that PSO outperforms the other two algorithms, reducing delivery time by an average of 35%, optimizing energy consumption by 28%, and demonstrating higher statistical stability under varying conditions. These outcomes highlight the effectiveness of quadcopters in improving the efficiency and sustainability of urban distribution systems. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_236571.html The main purpose of pavement construction is to provide a smooth and safe surface for vehicle traffic. This surface must not only possess sufficient durability against traffic loading but also exhibit adequate resistance to environmental and climatic factors. Asphalt mixtures are composed of aggregates, filler, and bitumen; however, with time and degradation of their constituents, their resistance to sunlight, moisture, and chemical agents decreases. Since bitumen acts as the binding agent in the aggregate skeleton, its quality deterioration leads to a loss of adhesion and premature pavement failure. Moreover, exposure of asphalt surfaces to fuels and petroleum-derived oils softens the bitumen and accelerates surface erosion. Two dense-graded asphalt mixtures (0–19 mm and 0–12 mm) were prepared using both a conventional binder and an SBS-modified binder with a performance grade of PG 82-22, equivalent to PG 82-28FR as recommended by FAA Item P-404. Laboratory tests including fuel resistance, tensile strength ratio (TSR), and wheel tracking were conducted. The results revealed that the use of polymer-modified bitumen significantly enhanced the durability of asphalt mixtures against gasoline exposure, improved moisture resistance (Tensile Strength Ratio, TSR), and reduced permanent deformation (rutting susceptibility). For mixtures with 0–19 mm gradation, polymer modification led to a 65.6% reduction in fuel-induced damage, a 32.3% increase in TSR, and a 28% reduction in rutting depth compared with the control mix. For the 0–12 mm mixtures, reductions of 51.1% in fuel damage, 27.5% improvement in TSR, and 21.9% reduction in rutting were observed. These findings clearly demonstrate the significant role of polymer modification in enhancing the durability and functional stability of asphalt mixtures under environmental exposure and contact with petroleum fuels. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237361.html Urban traffic flow management and delay reduction in transportation networks represent major challenges in metropolitan areas. Considering the complexity and dynamic nature of traffic flows, employing advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques offers an effective approach to enhancing the efficiency of urban transportation systems. In this research, real-world traffic data were utilized and preprocessed through handling missing values, normalization, and origin–destination matrix construction. Subsequently, a set of machine learning models, including Random Forest and XGBoost, along with deep learning architectures such as LSTM, Attention-based LSTM (A-LSTM), and Convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM), were developed and evaluated. The results revealed that the ConvLSTM model equipped with an attention mechanism achieved the highest predictive performance, with a coefficient of determination R²=0.9331. The A-LSTM (R²=0.9290) and baseline LSTM (R²=0.8929) models ranked next, whereas tree-based models exhibited inferior accuracy due to their inability to capture temporal dependencies. The principal contribution of this thesis lies in the design and implementation of a hybrid ConvLSTM framework augmented with an attention mechanism, enabling simultaneous spatiotemporal feature extraction and substantially improving predictive accuracy. The findings provide a robust foundation for the development of intelligent traffic control systems and evidence-based policymaking in the domain of urban transportation management. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237362.html This policy-oriented article examines the impact of transportation-infrastructure development on Iran’s key macroeconomic variables during the period 2001–2023 (1380–1402 in the Iranian calendar). The composite transportation index covers the road, rail, maritime, and air sectors, while the economic variables include non-oil GDP, unemployment rate, inflation, exchange rate, money supply, and the overall stock-market index. The research methodology combines Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, the Granger causality test, and the Engle–Granger cointegration test, using annually collected data. Findings show that transportation development significantly boosts economic growth (non-oil GDP), reduces unemployment, and helps moderate inflation. These results highlight transportation-infrastructure investment as a key driver of production growth and job creation. The outcomes are practical for policymakers in civil engineering, transportation, and urban development. Coordinated improvements across road, rail, maritime, and air transport can also contribute to relative exchange-rate stability and liquidity control. The study recommends prioritizing transportation projects and enhancing efficiency to harness the sector’s potential for sustainable economic growth, improved social welfare, reduced unemployment, and greater macroeconomic stability. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237363.html Transition zones, which are usually found at the entrance to an urban area, are areas that connect higher speed areas to lower speed areas. The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the speed choices of drivers in transition areas at the entrance to cities. The simulated scenario was implemented in the driving simulator and repeated in eight stages, and in each stage, the engineering measures including the speed limit sign, the type of median, the shoulder lane, and the marginal parking changed. In this study, using multiple linear regression, the impact of each of the predictor variables (8 variables used including speed limit sign, median type, frontage road, marginal parking, driver age, driver gender, driver education level, and driving experience) on the target variable (average vehicle speed) has been examined. The results of entering data into the multiple linear regression model show that the stepwise method has the highest correlation coefficient (0.904). The results showed that all variables except frontage road and high-school/under high-school education are significant at the 5% level. Also, for every one unit change in the variables of male gender and age 20-28, there is a 2.759 and 3.832 unit change in average speed, respectively. The results also show that speed limit sign, marginal parking, median with yellow safety barrel, doctoral education, and driving experience of 26 to 33 years have a negative effect on average speed and reduce it; In such a way that for every one unit change in these variables, there is a change in average speed of -5.327, -1.351, -3.415, -0.894 and -1.182 units, respectively. Therefore, the existence of engineering measures for speed limit and median signs with yellow safety barrels reduces the tendency of drivers to increase speed and reduces their average speed. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237364.html In 2005, 2014 and 2019, Iran Railways Company (RAI) has attempted to define a vision and mission for Iranian rail transportation. Unfortunately, its approval level has not been beyond the Board of Directors of the RAI. In other words, the aforementioned statements are not considered a binding document for stakeholders in the Intercity rail sector. The first step towards sustainable development, progress and targeted growth of Iran’s rail sector is to have a visionary, magnificent and stimulating vision in the long term horizon. In this article, the history of defining a vision and mission in the field of rail transportation in Iran and several selected prominent and leading regional and international countries and institutions is presented. The following steps have been taken to propose a vision and mission for Iran's rail transport in the next 20 years (1424) : Vision: "The rail transport system is at the average level of leading countries in the horizon of 1424 in various aspects of rail governance such as technology, productivity, competitiveness, attractiveness, accessibility, safety and the use of artificial intelligence Mission: Step by step realization of the vision of Iran's intercity rail transport in the horizon of 1424, based on macro strategies that ensure reducing the gap and gradually achieving macro goals, key performance indicators and key performance results in a dynamic, continuous manner compared to leading countries during four 5 year rail development plans and achieving maximum satisfaction of stakeholders in freight and passenger transport It is proposed that in formulating a comprehensive law on Iran's intercity rail transport, based on the approved vision and mission, steps be taken to define macro goals and strategies, the structure of the presence of actors, and the formulation of key performance indicators and key result indicators. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237365.html Transportation systems play a vital role in sustainable development and have a profound impact on social, environmental, and economic sustainability in urban environments. Integrating decision support systems is essential to emphasize the need for change and facilitate policy decisions based on current conditions. This study evaluates the urban public transportation system of Tehran, Iran, with the aim of promoting sustainability. In this research, transportation experts in Tehran were used as evaluators. This study uses the Size-Based Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (MFAHP), which was selected for its accuracy and computational efficiency compared to existing methods. The results obtained are consistent with those of the modified fuzzy logarithmic least squares method, confirming its validity. Comparative and sensitivity analyses validate and test the findings of the proposed model for stability and robustness. The study concludes that the introduction of new buses is recognized as the most effective solution to improve the quality of service of the existing transport system. The results obtained from a real dataset and its application in the assessment of transport and the recommendation of new buses as the optimal solution provide insights into the development of sustainable urban transport. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237367.html Rapid population growth, rising transportation demand, and high dependency on fossil fuels have significantly increased air pollution and energy consumption in Iran's metropolitan areas. This study evaluates and compares different fuel mix scenarios for the urban transport fleet in Mashhad by 2050, using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model. Three scenarios were developed: Business as Usual (BAU), Clean Transition (CT), and Targeted Green Transformation (TGT), analyzing their impacts on energy use and PM2.5 emissions. Findings reveal that under the BAU scenario, reliance on gasoline and diesel continues, leading to increased energy consumption and air pollution. In contrast, the TGT scenario—focusing on the replacement of fossil-fueled vehicles with electric and hybrid ones, along with improvements in fuel quality—achieves up to a 50% reduction in PM2.5 emissions. Sensitivity analyses on key variables such as economic growth rate, electrification share, and fuel efficiency indicate that energy efficiency policies and clean transport development play a critical role in reducing environmental pollutants. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies on sustainable transport planning and support for emerging clean energy technologies in large urban centers. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237368.html Efficient traffic flow analysis and travel management in unfamiliar urban areas remain critical challenges in intelligent transportation systems. This study presents an intelligent system based on vehicle license plate recognition capable of collecting spatiotemporal data and analyzing driver movement patterns. Leveraging image processing and machine learning techniques, the system processes vehicle passage data and provides context-aware recommendations for travel and traffic management. License plate recognition achieved an accuracy of 98.98% using advanced YOLO models, while clustering and classification of movement patterns predicted driver behavior with 95% accuracy. The research was conducted in four phases: phase 1: license plate detection and data collection, phase 2:data processing with machine learning, phase 3: design of the intelligent recommendation system, and phase 4: system performance evaluation. The feedback from 20 users indicated an average satisfaction score of 4.5/5, demonstrating the system’s effectiveness in delivering precise and personalized recommendations for travel management in unfamiliar areas. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237369.html Roads are of particular importance as economic arteries of every country, and for this reason, transportation infrastructure and consequently road paving are always considered as assets of every country. Sand and gravel are among the most widely used building and road construction materials. Considering that about 95 percent of asphalt is made up of sand and gravel, it can be said that sand and gravel constitute the main part of road construction materials. Given the importance of aggregate resistance to atmospheric factors and the possibility of quick, cheap, and easy production of these materials, and due to the different characteristics of stone materials, including sand and gravel, in each region, studies conducted on aggregates in other provinces cannot be used for Qom Province. The products of sand and gravel mines are usually offered to the market in two forms: natural and crushed sand and gravel. Unfortunately, due to the relative abundance, ease of access, and consequently low price of these materials, the share of quality control of sand and gravel is very small. Due to the lack of proper utilization of these resources, while wasting a portion of national capital, in many cases, unsuitable materials for road construction applications are produced, which show their long-term adverse effects. For this purpose, in this research, suitable material mines for road construction projects in Qom province have been identified and technically and economically evaluated. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237370.html Economic resilience, defined as the ability of an economic system to withstand external shocks and swiftly return to a path of equilibrium and growth, plays a vital role in reducing vulnerability. In the face of negative shocks, sectors lacking sufficient resilience may deviate from a stable equilibrium and experience a sustained decline in performance. Therefore, enhancing the resilience of economic sectors by identifying and analyzing its influencing factors has become a key strategy to counter instabilities. The present study aims to investigate the impact of transportation infrastructure on the economic resilience of the service sector in 28 provinces of Iran over two time periods: 2001–2012 and 2013–2021. To measure resilience, the Han and Goetz index was employed, and to analyze the effect of transportation infrastructure, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model was used to account for spatial heterogeneity. The findings indicate that transportation infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on the service sector's resilience in all provinces. The business environment also has a positive and significant effect in all provinces. The variables of human capital and the concentration of industrial activities had a positive and significant impact in over 50% of the provinces. Economic diversification had a positive and significant effect in over 50% of the provinces in the first period, but this effect was observed in less than 50% of the provinces in the second period. Furthermore, the impact of government expenditure on the service sector's resilience was positive and significant in only 3% of the provinces in the first period and 30% of the provinces in the second period. Overall, the study highlights the paramount importance of physical infrastructure and institutional quality for resilience, revealing heterogeneous effects for other regional economic factors. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237371.html In this study, polymeric sulfur and nanoclay were used as an asphalt binder modification approach with the aim of improving the rheological behavior of asphalt binder at high temperatures and enhancing its stability against aging. For this purpose, a base binder with a penetration grade of 85–100 was first modified with 30 wt% polymeric sulfur (commercial product: Googas), and then montmorillonite and bentonite nanoclays were incorporated into the modified binder at contents of 1, 2, and 3 wt%. The physical and rheological properties of the binders were evaluated through penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests under unaged and short-term aged conditions. The results showed that the addition of Googas significantly increased the stiffness of the base binder and markedly improved its rutting resistance (G*/sin δ), raising the high-temperature performance grade (PG) from 58 to 70. Although incorporating nanoclays did not lead to a considerable change in the PG value, it reduced the aging index (AI) and enhanced the rheological stability of the sulfur-modified binder against short-term oxidation. The lower AI values observed in the nanoclay containing samples particularly those with montmorillonite indicate a reduced tendency toward hardening and better preservation of the binder structure during aging. Overall, the simultaneous use of polymeric sulfur and nanoclays can be considered an effective approach for improving high-temperature performance and enhancing the short-term aging resistance of binder in asphalt pavements https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237704.html Given the significant share of housing and transportation costs in the household consumption basket, along with the expansion of public transportation as a key urban development policy, examining the relationship between their price indices is critically important. This study investigates the asymmetric and nonlinear effects of the transportation price index on urban housing sector inflation in Iran using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model and quantile regression. The primary objective is to determine how positive and negative shocks to transportation prices asymmetrically affect housing inflation and to analyze these effects across different levels of the housing inflation distribution. The results from cointegration and NARDL tests on monthly data from 2004 to 2023 confirm a long-run asymmetric relationship. This indicates that the effect of positive transportation price shocks on housing inflation differs from that of negative shocks. Quantile regression sensitivity analysis reinforced these findings, showing that the impact of the transportation price index varies significantly across different quantiles of housing inflation. Additionally, the nonlinear model confirms a positive relationship between oil prices, the rental index, and housing prices in both the short and long run. These findings provide a foundation for designing more effective policies to control housing inflation and stabilize the market. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237706.html The rapid growth of multi-use urban development projects in densely populated cities such as Tehran has increased the demand for efficient parking solutions that address both spatial limitations and economic constraints. This study provides a comparative techno-economic analysis of two commonly used urban parking systems: ramp-based and automated (mechanized) parking. Utilizing a systematic literature review of over 25 credible academic sources, six key performance indicators were assessed: construction cost, implementation time, parking capacity, service speed, structural lifespan, and decommissioning considerations. Automated parking systems employ advanced mechanical and control technologies to maximize land use, minimize parking structure footprint, and improve vehicle retrieval speed and accuracy. They are especially suitable for high-density areas where vertical construction is feasible. Although automated systems involve higher initial capital and maintenance costs, they offer superior spatial efficiency, reduced operational labor, and potential for higher long-term returns. Conversely, ramp-based parking systems are simpler in design and operation. They provide easy access and reliability with minimal mechanical dependency. Economically, ramp systems demand lower initial investments, enjoy longer structural lifespans due to fewer mechanical components, and incur lower maintenance costs. However, their reliance on horizontal space makes them less appropriate for land-limited sites. The findings indicate that neither system is universally optimal; rather, the choice depends on project-specific factors including land availability, budget, zoning laws, and intended usage. Projects facing high land costs and limited space benefit from automated solutions, whereas ramp systems suit projects with more available land and tighter budget constraints. In conclusion, the study emphasizes adopting multi-criteria decision-making frameworks early in the planning process to facilitate informed, context-sensitive parking system selection in urban development. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_237707.html Abstract Given the Iranian economic landscape characterized by severe constraints on working capital, selecting optimal solutions for Supply Chain Finance (SCF) has gained increasing importance, particularly in the railway transport industry, which is inherently capital-intensive and plays a pivotal role in national logistics. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors influencing the choice between two primary logistics financing approaches: “Trade Credit” (bank facilities) and “Inventory Financing” (asset-based financial services by Third-Party Logistics/TPLs). The research methodology employs an exploratory mixed-methods design comprising qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, 11 key factors were identified through thematic analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews with experts from the banking, railway, and private sectors. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, these factors were weighted and prioritized using the TOPSIS technique and Shannon Entropy method. The findings indicated that within the Trade Credit model, “payment delay risk” and the “requirement for bank guarantees” constitute the primary obstacles. Conversely, in the Inventory Financing model, “high commission costs” and “weak corporate financial statements” pose the most significant deterrents. A comparative analysis of the results suggests a strategic trade-off between “risk” and “cost” variables, which significantly influences the decision-making of cargo owners. The derived conceptual model further demonstrates that the selection of a financing channel is a function of the complex interaction among macroeconomic factors, institutional characteristics, and corporate financial capabilities. The findings of this study provide a practical framework for financial decision-makers and policymakers in the railway industry. https://www.trijournal.ir/article_240842.html Identification and ranking of road accident hotspots play a crucial role in enhancing road safety and reducing human casualties. In this study, a hybrid decision-making model based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is proposed, which manages uncertainty in data using Evidence Theory. In the first step, the efficiency of each road segment was calculated through DEA, and based on these results, the initial ranking was performed using TOPSIS. Subsequently, Evidence Theory was applied to integrate the outcomes and provide a final, reliable ranking. The dataset consists of ten simulated accident-prone points characterized by ten quantitative and qualitative performance indicators, which can be replaced with real data. The quantitative results show that point P7, with a safety score of 0.9553, is the safest, while point P9, with a score of 0.3975, is identified as the most hazardous location. The novelty of this research lies in integrating DEA, TOPSIS, and Evidence Theory within a unified framework to handle uncertainty and achieve stable ranking results. This model can serve as an effective decision-support tool for strategic road safety management.