1
Ph.D., Grad., Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/tri.2022.118608
Abstract
High plasticity clay soils are one of the problematic soils for engineering projects, especially for road construction. Electro-osmosis is one of the methods for improving the characteristics of the soft and fine grained soils. In this method applying the electric field cause changes in microstructure of the soil and modify the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Injecting chemical solution into soil during the electro-osmosis process adopted for enhance the efficiency of the treatment in recent years. The effect of injection of strontium solutions on chemical and geotechnical characteristics of soil was investigated. A layer of the soil was impacted in a tank for obtaining density and field moisture content. Direct current was applied through the soil under voltage gradients of 0.5, 1, and 2 (V/cm) for periods of 7, 14, and 28 days, with and without the injection of strontium solution. Stainless steel electrode was exerted for treatment. The results demonstrated the increases in compressive strength and reduction of the moisture content of the soil. From the results it is noted that injecting strontium increases the compressive strength and volume of drained water compare to electro-osmosis process in absence of strontium. Chemical analysis of the soil before and after the treatment identifies the ionic migration, ionic exchanges and changes in chemical composition of the soil. These chemical changes lead to changes in structure and properties of the soil. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images exhibited the changes of the microstructures including flocculation and agglomeration and confirm the validity of physical results. At last, the result of California bearing ratio (CBR) showed that electro osmosis chemical treatment is feasible method to increase the properties of the soil to meet the requirements for subgrade constructions.
Alshawabkeh, A. N., Sheahan, & C., T., (2003), "Soft soil stabilisation by ionic injection under electric fields". Ground Improvement. Vol. 7, No. 4. pp. 177-185.
Alshawabkeh, A. N., Yeung, A. T., & Bricka, M. R., (1999), "Practical Aspects of In-Situ Electrokinetic Extraction". Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 1. pp. 27-35.
Asakereh, A., Tavasoli, O., & Safarzadeh, I. (2020), "Microstructural investigation of fine-grained soil improvement by mixing of Nano-clay and lime"Journal of Transportation Research", Vol. No., pp. (in Persian).
Asjadi, F., & Yaghooby, M., (2019), "Strontium modified hydroxyapatite: a review on structure, synthesize method and biomedical applications". Journal of Iranian Ceramic. 54, No., pp. 60-71, ( in Persian).
Ayeldeen, M., & Kitazume, M., (2017), "Using fiber and liquid polymer to improve the behaviour of cement-stabilized soft clay". Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 45, No. 6. pp. 592-602.
Bergado, D. T., Balasubramaniam, A. S., Patawaran, M. A. B., & Kwunpreuk, W., (2000), "Electro-osmotic consolidation of soft Bangkok clay with prefabricated vertical drains". Vol. No. 4, pp. 153-163.
Bowles, J. E., (1992), "Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurement: McGraw-Hill".
Chappell, B. A., & Burton, P. L., (1975), "Electro-Osmosis Applied to Unstable Embankment", Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. Vol. 101, No. 8, 733-740.
Chien, S.-C., Ou, C.-Y., & Wang, M.-K. (2009), "Injection of saline solutions to improve the electro-osmotic pressure and consolidation of foundation soil". Applied Clay Science, 44. No. 3, pp. 218-224.
Chien, S.-C., Ou, C.-Y., & Wang, Y. H., (2011), "Soil improvement using electroosmosis with the injection of chemical solutions: laboratory tests". Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. Vol. No. 7, pp. 863-875.
Fang, H. Y., (1990), "Foundation Engineering Handbook: Springer US".
Ghaffarpour Jahromi, S., & Noori, A., (2019), "Effect of Environment Acidity on Mechanical and Volumetric Properties of Expansive Soil of Subgrade", Journal of Transportation Research", Vol. No., pp., (in Persian).
Gray, H., (1970), "Electrochemical Hardening of Clay Soils". Géotechnique. Vol. No. 1. pp. 81-93.
Hausmann, M. R., (1990), "Engineering Principles of Ground Modification: McGraw-Hill".
Jayasekera, S., (2015), "Electrokinetics to modify strength characteristics of soft clayey soils: a laboratory based investigation". Electrochimica Acta. Vol. 181. pp. 39-47.
Jayasekera, S., & Hall, S., (2006), "Modification of the properties of salt affected soils using electrochemical treatments". Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 25. No. 1. pp. 1-10.
Mitchell, J. K., & Soga, K., (2005), "Fundamentals of Soil Behavior: Wiley".
Mohamedelhassan, E., & Shang, J. Q., (2003), "Electrokinetics-generated pore fluid and ionic transport in an offshore calcareous soil". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. No. 6. pp. 1185-1199.
Otsuki, N., Yodsudjai, W., & Nishida, T. (2007), "Feasibility study on soil improvement using electrochemical technique".
Ou, C.-, Chien, S.-C., & Wang, Y. G., (2009), "On the enhancement of electroosmotic soil improvement by the injection of saline solutions", Applied Clay Science. Vol. 44. No. 1. pp. 130-136.
Ozkan, S., Gale, R. J., & Seals, R. K., (1999), "Electrokinetic stabilization of kaolinite by injection of Al and PO43− ions". Vol. No. 4. pp. 135-144.
Rivera, J. F., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., Ramirez-Benavides, S., & Orobio, A., (2020), "Compressed and stabilized soil blocks with fly ash-based alkali-activated cements". Construction and Building Materials. Vol. 264, No., pp. 120285.
Shariatmadari, N., Falamaki, A., & Noorzad, A. (2010), "Soil Improvement By Electrokinetic Injection", Amirkabir Journal Of Civil Engineering. Vol. 42, No. 2. pp. 95-102., (in Persian).
Thepsithar, P., & Roberts, E. P. L., (2006), "Removal of Phenol from Contaminated Kaolin Using Electrokinetically Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation", Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. No. 19. pp. 6098-6103.
Yang, S., Jianting, F., Wen, S., & Chenchen, Q. (2019), "Effects of Voltage Gradients on Electro-Osmotic Characteristics of Taizhou Soft Clay", International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol. No. 3. pp. 2136-2159.
Zhang, L., Jing, L.-p., Wang, N.-w., Fang, C., Li, Y.-q., & Shan, Z. d., (2017), "Electro-Osmosis Chemical Treatment of High-Salinity Soft Marine Soils: Laboratory Tests". The Open Civil Engineering Journal. Vol. No., pp. 109-120.
Azizi Mir Mahalleh, H., Siavoshnia, M., & Yazdi, M. (2022). Improving Engineering Properties of High Plasticity Clay Soils Using Electro- osmosis With the Injection of Strontium Chloride. Journal of Transportation Research, 19(71), 121-134. doi: 10.22034/tri.2022.118608
MLA
Hossein Azizi Mir Mahalleh; Mehdi Siavoshnia; Maryam Yazdi. "Improving Engineering Properties of High Plasticity Clay Soils Using Electro- osmosis With the Injection of Strontium Chloride". Journal of Transportation Research, 19, 71, 2022, 121-134. doi: 10.22034/tri.2022.118608
HARVARD
Azizi Mir Mahalleh, H., Siavoshnia, M., Yazdi, M. (2022). 'Improving Engineering Properties of High Plasticity Clay Soils Using Electro- osmosis With the Injection of Strontium Chloride', Journal of Transportation Research, 19(71), pp. 121-134. doi: 10.22034/tri.2022.118608
VANCOUVER
Azizi Mir Mahalleh, H., Siavoshnia, M., Yazdi, M. Improving Engineering Properties of High Plasticity Clay Soils Using Electro- osmosis With the Injection of Strontium Chloride. Journal of Transportation Research, 2022; 19(71): 121-134. doi: 10.22034/tri.2022.118608
)
