تعیین تاثیر استراتژی های مدیریت و کنترل ترافیک بر الگوی سفرهای برون شهری در زمان شیوع ویروس کرونا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه علم ‌و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه علم‌ و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

پس از پیدایش ویروس کووید-19، فراتر از ابعاد نامناسب انتشار و ابتلا به این ویروس، آثاری جانبی در سایر ابعاد جوامع جهانی بوجود آمده است. تغییرات در سلامت روان، ارتباطات اجتماعی، سبک زندگی، حمل‌ونقل، درآمد، امید به زندگی و... مواردی است که در تمامی تحقیقات شکل گرفته پس از پیدایش این ویروس مطرح شده است. در این تحقیق اثر انتشار ویروس کرونا بر تغییرات در حجم تردد، مد حمل‌و نقلی مورد استفاده در سفر، مبتلایان به ویروس کرونا پس از سفر های برون‌شهری، مقدار آلاینده های اکسید های گوگرد و نیتروژن، ذرات معلق و کربن مونوکسید برای مسیر چالوس، توسط نرم‌افزار SPSS ‌با روش های آماری همبستگی پیرسون (Pearson) و همبستگی متقاطع و رگرسیون چند متغیره بررسی شده است. همچنین آثار سیاست ها و استراتژی های کنترل کننده شیوع ویروس کرونا بر یکایک پارامتر ها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که در مدت زمان اوج شیوع ویروس کرونا، حجم تردد و همچنین میزان تولید آلاینده ها در معبر مورد بررسی با کاهش قابل توجهی همراه بوده است. این در حالیست که تنها با گذشت مدتی کوتاه از اوج شیوع ویروس کووید-19 و محدودیت های سختگیرانه تردد خودرو های سواری، میزان تردد ها با افزایشی بیش از پیش همراه بوده است. همچنین تحلیل تغییرات مد حمل‌ونقلی و میزان آلاینده های مختص به وسایل نقلیه سنگین نشان داده است که محدودیت های تردد و سیاست های جریمه پلاک های غیربومی، علیرغم احتمال بالاتر در ابتلا به ویروس کرونا، باعث تمایل مسافران به انجام سفر با مد هایی غیر از خودروی شخصی شده‌ است. نتایج تحلیل همبستگی متقاطع میان حجم های تردد به استان مازندران و تعداد مبتلایان به کرونا در این استان نیز نشان داده که به فاصله 20 روز پس از ورود حجم بالای مسافران و خودرو ها به این استان، با افزایش همراه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determining the Effect of Traffic Management and Control Strategies on the Pattern of Suburban Travel During the Outbreak of Corona Virus

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shahriar Afandizadeh 1
  • Mahammad Mahdi Farajolahi 2
1 Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 M.Sc., Student, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

After The Emergence of the COVID-19 Virus, Beyond the Inappropriate Aspects of the Contagion of the Virus, the Effects on the Global Society Have Been Appeared. Changes in Mental Health, Social Relations, Lifestyle, Transportation, Income, Living Motivation, Etc. Has Been Investigated in Various Researches. in this Study, the Effects of COVID-19 Contagion on Changes in Traffic Volume, Modes, Air Pollutions Such as Particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) For Karaj-Chalus Corridor, is Investigated by SPSS Using Pearson Correlation and Cross-Correlation, And Multivariate Regression. in Addition, the Effects of Control and Management Policies Against Corona Virus Contagion on Each Aforementioned Parameters Were Evaluated. the Results of this Study Showed That, During the Peak Period of the COVID-19 Contagion, the Traffic Volume is Accompanied with A Significant Reduction as Well as the Amount of Generated Pollutants. However, After A Short Time Elapsed Since the Peak of Both the Contagion and the Lockdown, Traffic Volume Increased Even More Than Pre-COVID Period. Moreover, the Analysis of Transport Mode Changes and The Heavy Vehicles' Pollution Showed That Traffic Restrictions and Fines for Non-Domestic Passengers, Despite Higher Risk of Infection, Augmented The Interest of Travelling with Suburban Buses. Cross-Correlation Analysis Showed After 20 Days of Entering Higher Amount of Vehicles to Mazandaran District, Covid Cases Increased Respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Control and Management Strategies
  • Covid-19
  • Effectiveness
  • Pollution
  • Subway Travel
-اسفندیاری، س. و محمدکمالی، ا. و باقری، س.، (1392)، "ارزیابی رابطه متغیرهای هواشناسی و غلظت دی اکسید گوگرد در شهر تهران"، اولین کنفرانس ملی خدمات شهری و محیط زیست، مشهد.
-"سالنامه آماری سازمان راهداری و حمل‌ونقل جاده‌ای"، (1399)­، دفتر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات.
-شهبازی، ح. و تقوایی، س. و حسینی، و. و افشین، ح.، (1396)­، "سیاهه انتشار آلایندگی مقدماتی شهر تهران برای سال مبناء "1392، ششمین همایش ملی مدیریت آلودگی هوا و صدا، تهران.
-Aletta, F., Brinchi, S., Carrese, S., Gemma, A., Guattari, C., Mannini, L., & Patella, S. M., (2020), "Analysing Urban Traffic Volumes and Mapping Noise Emissions in Rome (Italy) in the Context of Containment Measures for the COVID-19 Disease", Noise Mapping, 7(1), pp.114-122. Doi:10.1515/Noise-2020-0010.
 
-Aletta, F., Oberman, T., Mitchell, A., Tong, H., & Kang, J., (2020), "Assessing The Changing Urban Sound Environment During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period Using Short-Term Acoustic Measurements", Noise Mapping, 7(1), pp.123-134.
Doi:10.1515/Noise-2020-011.
 
-Ali, S. M., Malik, F., Anjum, M. S., Siddiqui, G. F., Anwar, M. N., Lam, S. S., Khokhar, M. F. (2021), "Exploring the Linkage Between PM2.5 Levels and COVID-19 Spread and its Implications for Socio-Economic Circles", Environ Res, 193, 110421.
Doi:10.1016/J.Envres.2020.110421.
 
 
-Ashraf, B. N., (2020), "Economic Impact of Government Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: International Evidence from Financial Markets", J Behav Exp Finance, 27, 100371. Doi:10.1016/J.Jbef.2020.100371.
-B. Choubin, A. Malekian, A., & Sajedi-Hosseini, F., (2016), "Lag-Time and Effect of Meteorological Drought on the Groundwater Level", Iran-Watershed Management Science & Engineering, 10(34).
-Baldasano, J. M., (2020), "COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Air Quality By NO2 in the Cities of Barcelona and Madrid (Spain)", Sci Total Environ, 741, 140353. Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.140353.
 
-Basu, B., Murphy, E., Molter, A., Sarkar Basu, A., Sannigrahi, S., Belmonte, M., & Pilla, F., (2021), "Investigating Changes in Noise Pollution Due to the COVID-19 Lockdown: the Case of Dublin, Ireland", Sustainable Cities and Society, 65. Doi:10.1016/J.Scs.2020.102597.
-Baudic, A., Gros, V., Sauvage, S., Locoge, N., Sanchez, O., Sarda-Estève, R., Bonsang, B. (2016), "Seasonal Variability and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) in the Paris Megacity (France). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics", 16(18), pp.11961-11989.
Doi:10.5194/Acp-16-11961-2016.
-Bui, L. V., Nguyen, H. T., Levine, H., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, T. A., Nguyen, T. P., Bui, M. H. (2020), "Estimation of the Incubation Period of COVID-19 in Vietnam, Plos One", 15(12), E0243889.
  Doi:10.1371/Journal.Pone.0243889.
-Calderon-Anyosa, R. J. C., & Kaufman, J. S., (2021), "Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Policy on Homicide, Suicide, and Motor Vehicle Deaths In Peru. Prev Med", 143, 106331. Doi:10.1016/J.Ypmed.2020.106331.
-Chen, L. A., Chien, L. C., Li, Y., & Lin, G., (2020), "Nonuniform Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Quality Over the United States", Sci Total Environ, 745, 141105. Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.141105.
-Cui, Y., Ji, D., Maenhaut, W., Gao, W., Zhang, R., & Wang, Y., (2020), "Levels And Sources of Hourly PM2.5-Related Elements During The Control Period of The COVID-19 Pandemic At A Rural Site Between Beijing and Tianjin", Sci Total Environ, 744, 140840.
  Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.140840
-Ding Wang, Brian Yuenshuai He, Jingqin Gao, Joseph Y.J. Chow, Kaan Ozbay, & Iyer, S., (2021), "Impact of COVID-19 Behavioral Inertia on Reopening Strategies for New York City Transit", International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 10(2), pp.197-211.
-Donzelli, G., Cioni, L., Cancellieri, M., Llopis Morales, A., & Morales Suárez-Varela, M., (2020), "The Effect of the Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in Three Italian Medium-Sized Cities", Atmosphere, 11(10).
Doi:10.3390/Atmos11101118
-Duvall, R. M., Norris, G. A., Dailey, L. A., Burke, J. M., Mcgee, J. K., Gilmour, M. I., Devlin, R. B., (2008), "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in The U.S. and Associations with Lung Inflammatory Markers. Inhal Toxicol", 20(7), pp.671-683.
  Doi:10.1080/08958370801935117.
 
-Fernandes, N., (2020), "Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy", pp.1-33.
 
-Filonchyk, M., Hurynovich, V., & Yan, H., (2021), "Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in The Poland, Eastern Europe, Environ Res", 198, 110454. Doi:10.1016/J.Envres.2020.110454.
 
-Giri, D., & Krishna Murthy, V., and Adhikary, P.R., (2008), "The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on PM10 Concentrations in Kathmandu Valley. Int. J. Environ. Res, 2(1), pp.49-60.
 
-Grivas, G., Athanasopoulou, E., Kakouri, A., Bailey, J., Liakakou, E., Stavroulas, I., Gerasopoulos, E. (2020), "Integrating in Situ Measurements and City Scale Modelling to Assess the COVID–19 Lockdown Effects on Emissions and Air Quality in Athens, Greece. Atmosphere", 11(11).
Doi:10.3390/Atmos11111174.
 
-Gummeneni, S., Yusup, Y. B., Chavali, M., & Samadi, S. Z., (2011), "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Hyderabad City, India Atmospheric Research", 101(3), pp.752-764.
Doi:10.1016/J.Atmosres.2011.05.002.
 
-Gunnar W. Schade, A. G. R., (2018), "Source Apportionment of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, Nox and H2S Data From A Central Monitoring Station in the Eagle Ford Shale, Texas", ELEMENTA, Science of the Anthropecene, 6, 35.
Doi:10.1525/Journal.Elementa.289.
 
-Hall, D. L., Anderson, D. C., Martin, C. R., Ren, X., Salawitch, R. J., He, H., . . . Dickerson, R. R. (2020), "Using Near-Road Observations of CO, Noy, and CO2 to Investigate Emissions from Vehicles: Evidence for An Impact of Ambient Temperature and Specific Humidity", Atmospheric Environment, 232.
    Doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2020.117558.
 
-Hudda, N., Simon, M. C., Patton, A. P., & Durant, J. L., (2020), "Reductions in Traffic-Related Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations in An Urban Neighborhood During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sci Total Environ, 742.
Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.140931.
 
-Hung-Hao Chang, Chad Meyerhoefer, & Yang, F. A., (2020), "COVID-19 Prevention and Air Pollution in the Absence of A Lockdown".
 
-Ilten, N., & Selici, A. T., (2008), "Investigating The Impacts of Some Meteorological Parameters on Air Pollution in Balikesir, Turkey", Environ Monit Assess, 140(1-3), pp.267-277. Doi:10.1007/S10661-007-9865-1.
 
-ISSRC., (2008), "IVE Model User Manual, Version 2.0.1. International Sustainable Systems Research Center".
 
-Jing Qin, Chong You, Quishi Lin, Taojun Hu, Shicheng Yu, & Zhou, X. H., (2020), "Estimation of Incubation Period Distribution of COVID-19 Using Disease Onset Forward Time: A Novel Cross-Sectional and Forward Follow-Up Study. Science Advances, 6(33), Eabc1202.
 
-Karuppasamy, M. B., Seshachalam, S., Natesan, U., Ayyamperumal, R., Karuppannan, S., Gopalakrishnan, G., & Nazir, N., (2020), "Air Pollution Improvement And Mortality Rate During COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Global Intersectional Study", Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(11), pp.1375-1384.
  Doi:10.1007/S11869-020-00892-W.
 
-Khalil, M. A., & Rasmussen, R. A., (1988), "Carbon Monoxide in An Urban Environment: Application of A Receptor Model for Source Apportionment", JAPCA, 38(7), pp.901-906.
  Doi:10.1080/08940630.1988.10466430.
 
-Kong, T. K., (2020), "Longer Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Older Adults", Aging Med (Milton), 3(2), pp.102-109. Doi:10.1002/Agm2.12114.
 
-Kumari, P., & Toshniwal, D., (2020), "Impact of Lockdown Measures During COVID-19 on Air Quality a Case Study of India", Int J Environ Health Res, pp.1-8.
Doi:10.1080/09603123.2020.1778646.
 
-Lawrence, S., Sokhi, R., & Ravindra, K., (2016), "Quantification of Vehicle Fleet PM10 Particulate Matter Emission Factors From Exhaust and Non-Exhaust Sources Using Tunnel Measurement Techniques", Environ Pollut, 210, pp.419-428.
  Doi:10.1016/J.Envpol.2016.01.011.
 
-Lawrence, S., Sokhi, R., Ravindra, K., Mao, H., Prain, H. D., & Bull, I. D., (2013), "Source Apportionment of Traffic Emissions of Particulate Matter Using Tunnel Measurements", Atmospheric Environment, 77, pp.548-557.
Doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2013.03.040.
 
-Lestari, P., & Mauliadi, Y. D., (2009), "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter At Urban Mixed Site in Indonesia Using PMF", Atmospheric Environment, 43(10), pp.1760-1770.
Doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2008.12.044
 
-Li, J., & Tartarini, F., (2020), "Changes In Air Quality During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Singapore and Associations with Human Mobility Trends", Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(8), pp.1748-1758.
Doi:10.4209/Aaqr.2020.06.0303.
 
-Lin, C. Y., Jeng, Y. L., Wi, C. S., & Wu, K. J., (2008), "Influences of Fuel Sulfur Content on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics Under Varying Temperature and Humidity of Inlet Air, Journal of Environmental Science and Health.Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering And Toxicology, 31(4),
pp.765-782.
Doi:10.1080/10934529609376387.
 
-Lu, X., Yao, T., Li, Y., Fung, J. C. H., & Lau, A. K. H., (2016), "Source Apportionment And Health Effect of  Nox Over the Pearl River Delta Region in Southern China", Environ Pollut, 212, pp.135-146.
Doi:10.1016/J.Envpol.2016.01.056
 
-M Eghtedar Nezhad, O Bazrafshan, & Lari, A. S., (2016), "Adaptive Evaluation of SPI, RDI And SDI Indices in Analyzing the Meteorological and Hydrological Drought Characteristics (Case Study: Bam Plain)", Journal of Soil and Water Knowledge At Tabriz, 26, pp.69-81.
 
-M.H. Masum, & Pal, S. K., (2020), "Statistical Evaluation of Selected Air Quality Parameters Influenced By COVID-19 Lockdown", Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage, pp.85-94.
Doi:10.22034/GJESM.2019.06.SI.08.
 
-Mamun, M. A., Bhuiyan, A., & Manzar, M. D., (2020), "the First COVID-19 Infanticide-Suicide Case: Financial Crisis And Fear of COVID-19 Infection are the Causative Factors", Asian J Psychiatr, 54, 102365. Doi:10.1016/J.Ajp.2020.102365.
 
-Manenti, R., Mori, E., Di Canio, V., Mercurio, S., Picone, M., Caffi, M., Rubolini, D., (2020), "The Good, the Bad And The Ugly Of COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Wildlife Conservation: Insights.
Doi:10.1016/J.Biocon.2020.108728.
 
-Mcaloon, C., Collins, A., Hunt, K., Barber, A., Byrne, A. W., Butler, F., More, S. J., (2020), "Incubation Period Of COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Research", BMJ Open, 10(8), E039652. Retrieved From :  Https:// Www. Ncbi. Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pubmed/32801208.
 
-Mckibbin, W., & Fernando, R., (2021), "the Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios", Asian Economic Papers, 20(2), pp.1-30.
Doi:10.1162/Asep_A_00796.
 
-Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Siour, G., Mailler, S., Pennel, R., & Cholakian, A., (2020), "Impact of Lockdown Measures to Combat Covid-19 on Air Quality Over Western Europe", Sci Total Environ, 741, 140426. Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.140426.
 
-Muhammad, S., Long, X., & Salman, M., (2020), "COVID-19 Pandemic and Environmental Pollution: A Blessing in Disguise? Sci Total Environ", 728, 138820. Retrieved From Https://Www. Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pubmed/32334164.
 
-Patel, H., Talbot, N., Salmond, J., Dirks, K., Xie, S., & Davy, P., (2020), "Implications for Air Quality Management of Changes In Air Quality During Lockdown in Auckland (New Zealand) in Response to the 2020 SARS-Cov-2 Epidemic", Sci Total Environ, 746, 141129.
Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.141129
 
-Pérez-Martínez, P. J., Miranda, R. M., Nogueira, T., Guardani, M. L., Fornaro, A., Ynoue, R., & Andrade, M. F., (2014), "Emission Factors of Air Pollutants From Vehicles Measured Inside Road Tunnels in São Paulo: Case Study Comparison", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(8), pp.2155-2168.
  Doi:10.1007/S13762-014-0562-7.
 
-Platitas Reizle, Park Donghyun, Pagaduan Jesson, Osewe Patrick, Noy Ilan, Ferrarini Benno, Abdul,­ A., (2020), "The Economic Impact of The COVID-19 Outbreak on Developing Asia", ADB BRIEFS.
 
-Rahman, M. A., Zaman, N., Asyhari, A. T., Al-Turjman, F., Alam Bhuiyan, M. Z., & Zolkipli, M. F., (2020), "Data-Driven Dynamic Clustering Framework for Mitigating the Adverse Economic Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown Practices", Sustain Cities Soc, 62, 102372. Doi:10.1016/J.Scs.2020.102372.
 
-Reza Bayat, Ayoob Torkian, Mohammad Ali Najafi, Mohammad H. Askariyeh, & Arhami, M., (2012), "Source Apportionment of Tehran's Air Pollution By Emissions Inventory".
 
-Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Lorenzo, G., (2020), "COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy", Front Psychiatry, 11, 790.
Doi:10.3389/Fpsyt.2020.00790.
 
-Rumpler, R., Venkataraman, S., & Goransson, P., (2020), "An Observation Of the Impact of Covid-19 Recommendation Measures Monitored Through Urban Noise Levels in Central Stockholm", Sweden, Sustain Cities Soc, 63, 102469.
Doi:10.1016/J.Scs.2020.102469.
 
-Singh, V., Singh, S., Biswal, A., Kesarkar, A. P., Mor, S., & Ravindra, K., (2020), "Diurnal and Temporal Changes in Air Pollution During COVID-19 Strict Lockdown Over Different Regions of India. Environ Pollut", 266(Pt 3), 115368. Doi:10.1016/J.Envpol.2020.115368.
 
-Staehelin, J., Keller, C., Stahel, W., & Schläpfer, K., And Wunderli, S., (1998), "Emission Factors From Road Traffic From A Tunnel Study (Gubrist Tunnel, Switzerland)", Part III: Results of Organic Compounds, SO2 and Speciation of Organic Exhaust Emission. Atmospheric Environment, 32, pp.999-1009.
 
-Stephen R. Barnes, L.-P. B., Jason Huh, and Dongwoo Kim., (2020), "The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Mobility and Traffic Accidents: Evidence from Louisiana", Global Labor Organization (GLO).
 
-Suhaimi, N. F., Jalaludin, J., & Latif, M. T., (2020), "Demystifying A Possible Relationship Between COVID-19, Air Quality and Meteorological Factors: Evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia", Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(7), pp.1520-1529.
Doi:10.4209/Aaqr.2020.05.0218.
 
-T.J. Barlow, S. Latham, I.S. Mccrae, & Boulter, P. G., (2009), "A Reference Book of Driving Cycles for Use in the Measurement of Road Vehicle Emissions", Department for Transport, Cleaner Fuels & Vehicles.­
 
-Tian, S. L., Pan, Y. P., & Wang, Y. S., (2016), "Size-Resolved Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in Urban Beijing During Haze and Non-Haze Episodes", Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(1), pp.1-19.
Doi:10.5194/Acp-16-1-2016.
 
-Tropea, M., & De Rango, F., (2020), "COVID‐19 In Italy: Current State, Impact and ICT Based Solutions", IET Smart Cities, 2(2), pp.74-81.
Doi:10.1049/Iet-Smc.2020.0052.
 
-Vardoulakis, S., & Kassomenos, P., (2008), "Sources and Factors Affecting PM10 Levels in Two European Cities: Implications for Local Air Quality Management", Atmospheric Environment, 42(17), pp.3949-3963.
  Doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2006.12.021.
 
-Viana, M., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Harrison, R. M., Hopke, P. K., Hitzenberger, R., (2008), "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in Europe: A Review of Methods and Results', Journal of Aerosol Science, 39(10),
pp.827-849.
  Doi:10.1016/J.Jaerosci.2008.05.007.
 
-Vuong, Q. T., Thang, P. Q., Park, M. K., & Choi, S. D., (2020), "Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Criteria Air Pollutants in the City of Daegu, the Epicenter of South Korea's Outbreak", Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 27(36), pp.45983-45991.
  Doi:10.1007/S11356-020-11360-4.
 
-Worldweather Online.Com., (2021), "Chalus Climate Weather Averages", [Online] Available at: [Accessed 8 September 2021].
 
-Wang, H., Chen, C., Huang, C., & Fu, L., (2008), "On-Road Vehicle Emission Inventory and its Uncertainty Analysis For Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ", 398(1-3), pp.60-67.
  Doi:10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2008.01.038.
 
-Wang, M., Liu, F., & Zheng, M., (2020), "Air Quality Improvement from COVID-19 Lockdown: Evidence from China", Air Qual Atmos Health, pp.1-14.
Doi:10.1007/S11869-020-00963-Y
-Yang, L., Dai, J., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Deng, P., & Wang, J., (2020), "Estimation of Incubation Period and Serial Interval of COVID-19: Analysis of 178 Cases and 131 Transmission Chains in Hubei Province, China. Epidemiol Infect", 148, E117.
Doi:10.1017/S0950268820001338.
 
-Yarragunta, Y., Srivastava, S., Mitra, D., & Chandola, H. C., (2021), "Source Apportionment of Carbon Monoxide Over India: A Quantitative Analysis Using MOZART-4", Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(7), pp.8722-8742.
Doi:10.1007/S11356-020-11099-Y.
 
-Zipursky, J. S., & Redelmeier, D. A., (2020), "Mobility and Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic", J Gen Intern Med, 35(10), pp.3100-3101.
Doi:10.1007/S11606-020-05943-7.
 
-Zipursky, J. S., & Redelmeier, D. A., (2021), "Association Between Driving in the Summer and COVID-19 Mortality in the Autumn",
J Gen Intern Med. Doi:10.1007/S11606-021-07074-Z.
 
-Zong, Z., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, G., (2020), "Dual-Modelling-Based Source Apportionment of Nox in Five Chinese Megacities: Providing the Isotopic Footprint from 2013 to 2014", Environ Int, 137, 105592.
Doi:10.1016/J.Envint.2020.105592.
 
 -Zoran, M. A., Savastru, R. S., Savastru, D. M., & Tautan, M. N., (2020), "Assessing the Relationship Between Ground Levels of Ozone (O3) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) With Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan, Italy", Sci Total nviron, 740, 140005. Retrieved from  Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pubmed/32559534.