The rapid growth of multi-use urban development projects in densely populated cities such as Tehran has increased the demand for efficient parking solutions that address both spatial limitations and economic constraints. This study provides a comparative techno-economic analysis of two commonly used urban parking systems: ramp-based and automated (mechanized) parking. Utilizing a systematic literature review of over 25 credible academic sources, six key performance indicators were assessed: construction cost, implementation time, parking capacity, service speed, structural lifespan, and decommissioning considerations.



Automated parking systems employ advanced mechanical and control technologies to maximize land use, minimize parking structure footprint, and improve vehicle retrieval speed and accuracy. They are especially suitable for high-density areas where vertical construction is feasible. Although automated systems involve higher initial capital and maintenance costs, they offer superior spatial efficiency, reduced operational labor, and potential for higher long-term returns.



Conversely, ramp-based parking systems are simpler in design and operation. They provide easy access and reliability with minimal mechanical dependency. Economically, ramp systems demand lower initial investments, enjoy longer structural lifespans due to fewer mechanical components, and incur lower maintenance costs. However, their reliance on horizontal space makes them less appropriate for land-limited sites.



The findings indicate that neither system is universally optimal; rather, the choice depends on project-specific factors including land availability, budget, zoning laws, and intended usage. Projects facing high land costs and limited space benefit from automated solutions, whereas ramp systems suit projects with more available land and tighter budget constraints.



In conclusion, the study emphasizes adopting multi-criteria decision-making frameworks early in the planning process to facilitate informed, context-sensitive parking system selection in urban development.