This article aims to analyze the Iranian logistics system and identify its key obstacles by examining the governance structure, actors, and information systems affecting this area. The research method is based on a documentary study and field analysis, in which more than 140 governance institutions, 142 companies with different ownership (private, government, quasi-government), and 80 related software systems have been examined. Also, 27 logistics operational loops and the role of institutions in each have been identified. The findings show that the complex governance structure, fragmentation and parallelism of institutions, lack of integration of information systems, and lack of coordination between components of the logistics system are the most important reasons for Iran's poor performance in global logistics indicators. These challenges have caused the share of logistics costs in the cost price of goods in Iran to reach about 30%, while this figure is below 6% in efficient economies. The conclusion of the article emphasizes the necessity of developing an integrated logistics system, reforming the governance structure, developing software infrastructure, and strengthening inter-agency coordination. Improving logistics will not only lead to a reduction in national costs, but can also act as a driving force for Iran's economic and trade growth in the region.